Practical Mechanics for Boys by James Slough Zerbe
CHAPTER XVI
HANDY TABLES
TABLE OF WEIGHTS FOR ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL.
The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel--490
lbs.
==========+===================+==========+===================
| | |
| Weight in Pounds | | Weight in Pounds
Sizes in | | Sizes in |
Inches +---------+---------+ Inches +---------+---------
| Round | Square | | Round | Square
----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+---------
1/16 | .110 | .013 | 1-1/16 | 3.014 | 3.400
1/8 | .042 | .053 | 1-1/8 | 3.379 | 3.838
3/16 | .094 | .119 | 1-3/16 | 3.766 | 4.303
1/4 | .167 | .212 | 1-1/4 | 4.173 | 4.795
5/16 | .261 | .333 | 1-5/16 | 4.600 | 5.312
3/8 | .375 | .478 | 1-3/8 | 5.049 | 5.857
7/16 | .511 | .651 | 1-7/16 | 5.518 | 6.428
1/2 | .667 | .850 | 1-1/2 | 6.008 | 7.650
9/16 | .845 | 1.026 | 1-9/16 | 6.520 | 7.650
5/8 | 1.043 | 1.328 | 1-5/8 | 7.051 | 8.301
11/16 | 1.262 | 1.608 | 1-11/16 | 7.604 | 8.978
3/4 | 1.502 | 1.913 | 1-3/4 | 8.178 | 10.41
13/16 | 1.773 | 2.245 | 1-13/16 | 8.773 | 11.17
7/8 | 2.044 | 2.603 | 1-7/8 | 9.388 | 11.95
15/16 | 2.347 | 2.989 | 1-15/16 | 10.02 | 12.76
1 | 2.670 | 3.400 | 2 | 10.68 | 13.60
----------+---------+---------+----------+---------+---------
WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL BARS.
=========+=============================================================
Thickness|
in | Width
Inches |
---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+------+------
1/16 | .212| .265| .32 | .372| .425| .477| .53| .588| .63
1/8 | .425| .53 | .64 | .745| .85 | .955| 1.06| 1.17 | 1.27
3/16 | .638| .797| .957| 1.11 | 1.28 | 1.44 | 1.59| 1.75 | 1.91
1/4 | .85 | 1.06 | 1.28 | 1.49 | 1.70 | 1.91 | 2.12| 2.34 | 2.55
5/16 | 1.06 | 1.33 | 1.59 | 1.86 | 2.12 | 2.39 | 2.65| 2.92 | 3.19
3/8 | 1.28 | 1.59 | 1.92 | 2.23 | 2.55 | 2.87 | 3.19| 3.51 | 3.83
7/16 | 1.49 | 1.85 | 2.23 | 2.60 | 2.98 | 3.35 | 3.72| 4.09 | 4.46
1/2 | 1.70 | 2.12 | 2.55 | 2.98 | 3.40 | 3.83 | 4.25| 4.67 | 5.10
9/16 | 1.92 | 2.39 | 2.87 | 3.35 | 3.83 | 4.30 | 4.78| 5.26 | 5.74
5/8 | 2.12 | 2.65 | 3.19 | 3.72 | 4.25 | 4.78 | 5.31| 5.84 | 6.38
11/16 | 2.34 | 2.92 | 3.51 | 4.09 | 4.67 | 5.26 | 5.84| 6.43 | 7.02
3/4 | 2.55 | 3.19 | 3.83 | 4.47 | 5.10 | 5.75 | 6.38| 7.02 | 7.65
13/16 | 2.76 | 3.45 | 4.14 | 4.48 | 5.53 | 6.21 | 6.90| 7.60 | 8.29
7/8 | 2.98 | 3.72 | 4.47 | 5.20 | 5.95 | 6.69 | 7.44| 8.18 | 8.93
15/16 | 3.19 | 3.99 | 4.78 | 5.58 | 6.38 | 7.18 | 7.97| 8.77 | 9.57
1 | 3.40 | 4.25 | 5.10 | 5.95 | 6.80 | 7.65 | 8.50| 9.35 |10.20
---------+------+------+------+------+------+------+-----+------+------
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
For Merchandise of all kinds.
16 Drams (dr.) make 1 Ounce (oz.)
16 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.)
25 Pounds make 1 Quarter (qr.)
4 Quarters, or 100 lbs., make 1 Hundredweight (cwt.)
20 Hundredweights make 1 Ton (T.)
2,240 Pounds make 1 Long ton (L. T.)
TROY WEIGHT.
For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.
24 Grains (gr.) make 1 Pennyweight (pwt.)
20 Pennyweights make 1 Ounce (oz.)
12 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.)
APOTHECARIES WEIGHT.
For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.
20 Grains (gr.) make 1 Scruple (sc.)
3 Scruples make 1 Dram (dr.)
8 Drams make 1 Ounce (oz.)
12 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.)
LINEAR MEASURE.
For Surveyors' Use.
12 Inches make 1 Foot
3 Feet make 1 Yard
5-1/2 Yards make 1 Rod
40 Rods make 1 Furlong
8 Furlongs 1 Mile
LONG MEASURE.
12 Inches make 1 Foot
3 Feet make 1 Yard
6 Feet make 1 Fathom
5-1/2 Yards make 1 Rod or pole
40 Poles make 1 Furlong
8 Furlongs make 1 Mile
3 Miles make 1 League
69-1/2 Miles make 1 Degree
SQUARE MEASURE.
144 square inches make 1 square foot
9 square feet make 1 square yard
30-1/2 square yards make 1 square pole
40 square poles make 1 square rod
4 square rods make 1 acre
640 square acres make 1 acre mile
SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE.
1,728 Cubic inches make 1 Cubic foot
27 Cubic feet make 1 Cubic yard
128 Cubic feet make 1 Cord of wood
24-3/4 Cubic feet make 1 Perch of stone
DRY MEASURE.
2 Pints make 1 Quart (qt.)
8 Quarts make 1 peck (pk.)
4 Pecks make 1 Bushel (bu.)
36 Bushels make 1 Chaldron (ch.)
LIQUID MEASURE.
4 Gills (g.) make 1 Pint (pt.)
2 Pints make 1 Quart (qt.)
4 Quarts make 1 Gallon (gal.)
31-1/2 Gallons make 1 Barrel (bbl.)
2 Bbls., or 63 gals., make. 1 Hogshead (hhd.)
PAPER MEASURE.
24 Sheets (sh.) make 1 Quire (qu.)
20 Quires make 1 Ream (r.)
10 Reams make 1 Bale (ba.) or bundle.
TABLE OF TEMPERATURES.
Greatest artificial cold 220 degrees below Fahr.
" natural " 73.7 " " "
Mercury freezes 39 " " "
Mixture of snow and salt 4 " " "
Greatest density of water at 39.2 " above "
Blood Heat 97.9 " " "
Alcohol boils 172.4 " " "
Water boils 212 " " "
Mercury boils 662 " " "
Sulphur boils 824 " " "
Silver melts 1,749 " " "
Cast iron melts 2,786 " " "
STRENGTH OF VARIOUS METALS.
The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing
it, and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in
pounds.
========================+=========+=============
| Tension | Compression
------------------------+---------+-------------
Aluminum | 15,000 | 12,000
Brass, cast | 24,000 | 30,000
Bronze, gun metal | 32,000 | 20,000
" manganese | 60,000 | 120,000
" phosphor | 50,000 | ......
Copper, cast | 24,000 | 40,000
" wire annealed. | 36,000 | ......
" " unannealed | 60,000 | ......
Iron, cast | 15,000 | ......
" " annealed | 60,000 | 80,000
" " unannealed | 80,000 | ......
" wrought | 48,000 | 46,000
Lead, cast | 2,000 | ......
Steel castings | 70,000 | 70,000
" plow | 270,000 | ......
" structural | 60,000 | 60,000
" wire annealed | 80,000 | ......
" crucible | 180,000 | ......
Tin | 3,800 | 6,000
------------------------+---------+-------------
FREEZING MIXTURES
===============================================+=======================
|Temperature Changes
|in Degrees Fahrenheit
+---------+------------
Mixtures | From | To
-----------------------------------------------+---------+------------
Common salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts | 32 | zero .0
Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part | 32 | -.4
Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part | 32 | -27
Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part | 32 | -44
Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; | |
water 16 parts. | 50 | -10
Sal ammoniac, 1 part; salt-peter 1 part; | |
water 1 part | 46 | -11
Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part | 50 | -3
Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts | 32 | -35
-----------------------------------------------+---------+------------
IGNITION TEMPERATURES.
Phosphorus 120 degrees Fahrenheit
Bi-sulphide of carbon 300 " "
Gun-cotton 430 " "
Nitro-glycerine 490 " "
Phosphorus, amorphous 500 " "
Rifle powder 550 " "
Charcoal 660 " "
Dry pine wood 800 " "
Oak 900 " "
POWER AND HEAT EQUIVALENTS.
In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are
used, such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt,
kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).
The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the
different terms:
1 Horsepower-hour = 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds
of water evaporated at 212 degrees Fahrenheit,
raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees.
1 Kilowatt-hour = 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours
= 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules
= 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated
at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from
62 to 212 degrees.
1 Horsepower = 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds
per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71
B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of water
evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
1 Kilowatt = 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200
foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds per
min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420
B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. = 0.95
B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water
evaporated per hour at 212.
1 Watt = 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001
kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour = 44.22
foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second
= 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at
212 degrees.
1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit) = 1,052 watt-seconds = 778
foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292
kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour
= 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212
degrees.
1 Foot-pound = 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour =
0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour.
1 Joule = 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour =
0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.