A Complete Guide to Heraldry by Arthur Charles Fox-Davies

inescutcheon was surmounted by the Electoral cap, for which a crown was substituted later when Hanover became a kingdom. At the death of William IV., by the operation of the Salic Law, the crowns of England and Hanover were separated, and the inescutcheon of Hanover disappeared from the Royal Arms of this country, and by Royal Warrant issued at the beginning of the reign of Queen Victoria the Royal Arms and badges were declared to be: 1 and 4, England; 2. Scotland; 3. Ireland. The necessary alteration of the cyphers are the only alterations made by his present Majesty. The supporters date from the accession of James I. Before that date there had been much variety. Some of the Royal badges have been already alluded to in the chapter on that subject. The differences used by various junior members of the Royal Family will be found in the Chapter on Marks of Cadency. {609}