Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes
1. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government
From this Institution of a Common-wealth are derived all the Rights, and
Facultyes of him, or them, on whom the Soveraigne Power is conferred by
the consent of the People assembled.
First, because they Covenant, it is to be understood, they are not
obliged by former Covenant to any thing repugnant hereunto. And
Consequently they that have already Instituted a Common-wealth, being
thereby bound by Covenant, to own the Actions, and Judgements of one,
cannot lawfully make a new Covenant, amongst themselves, to be obedient
to any other, in any thing whatsoever, without his permission. And
therefore, they that are subjects to a Monarch, cannot without his leave
cast off Monarchy, and return to the confusion of a disunited Multitude;
nor transferre their Person from him that beareth it, to another Man,
or other Assembly of men: for they are bound, every man to every man,
to Own, and be reputed Author of all, that he that already is their
Soveraigne, shall do, and judge fit to be done: so that any one man
dissenting, all the rest should break their Covenant made to that man,
which is injustice: and they have also every man given the Soveraignty
to him that beareth their Person; and therefore if they depose him,
they take from him that which is his own, and so again it is injustice.
Besides, if he that attempteth to depose his Soveraign, be killed, or
punished by him for such attempt, he is author of his own punishment,
as being by the Institution, Author of all his Soveraign shall do: And
because it is injustice for a man to do any thing, for which he may be
punished by his own authority, he is also upon that title, unjust.
And whereas some men have pretended for their disobedience to their
Soveraign, a new Covenant, made, not with men, but with God; this also
is unjust: for there is no Covenant with God, but by mediation of some
body that representeth Gods Person; which none doth but Gods Lieutenant,
who hath the Soveraignty under God. But this pretence of Covenant with
God, is so evident a lye, even in the pretenders own consciences, that
it is not onely an act of an unjust, but also of a vile, and unmanly
disposition.
Chapters
- Chapter 1 Ch.1
- 6. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS, COMMONLY CALLED THE Ch.2
- 8. OF THE VERTUES, COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUALL, AND THEIR CONTRARY Ch.3
- 13. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND AS CONCERNING THEIR FELICITY Ch.4
- 16. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED Ch.5
- 19. OF SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION; AND OF SUCCESION Ch.6
- 29. OF THOSE THINGS THAT WEAKEN, OR TEND TO THE DISSOLUTION OF A Ch.7
- 31. OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD BY NATURE Ch.8
- 33. OF THE NUMBER, ANTIQUITY, SCOPE, AUTHORITY, AND INTERPRETERS OF THE Ch.9
- 34. OF THE SIGNIFICATION, OF SPIRIT, ANGELL, AND INSPIRATION IN THE Ch.10
- 35. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD, OF HOLY, Ch.11
- 38. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF ETERNALL LIFE, HEL, SALVATION, Ch.12
- 40. OF THE RIGHTS OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD, IN ABRAHAM, MOSES, THE HIGH Ch.13
- 43. OF WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR MANS RECEPTION INTO THE KINGDOME OF HEAVEN Ch.14
- 47. OF THE BENEFIT PROCEEDING FROM SUCH DARKNESSE; AND TO WHOM IT Ch.15
- 48. A REVIEW AND CONCLUSION Ch.16
- PART I. Ch.17
- CHAPTER I. OF SENSE Ch.18
- CHAPTER II. OF IMAGINATION Ch.19
- CHAPTER III. OF THE CONSEQUENCE OR TRAYNE OF IMAGINATIONS Ch.20
- CHAPTER IV. OF SPEECH Ch.21
- CHAPTER V. OF REASON, AND SCIENCE. Ch.22
- CHAPTER VI. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS Ch.23
- CHAPTER VII. OF THE ENDS OR RESOLUTIONS OF DISCOURSE Ch.24
- CHAPTER VIII. OF THE VERTUES COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUAL; AND THEIR Ch.25
- 10. 20.) some said, "He hath a Divell, and is mad;" whereas others Ch.26
- CHAPTER IX. OF THE SEVERALL SUBJECTS OF KNOWLEDGE Ch.27
- 1. Consequences from the Accidents common to all Bodies Naturall; Ch.28
- 2. PHYSIQUES, or Consequences from Qualities Ch.29
- 1. Of Consequences from the Institution of COMMON-WEALTHS, to Ch.30
- 2. Of Consequences from the same, to the Duty and Right of Ch.31
- CHAPTER X. OF POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR AND WORTHINESS Ch.32
- CHAPTER XI. OF THE DIFFERENCE OF MANNERS Ch.33
- CHAPTER XII. OF RELIGION Ch.34
- CHAPTER XIII. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND, Ch.35
- CHAPTER XIV. OF THE FIRST AND SECOND NATURALL LAWES, AND OF CONTRACTS Ch.36
- CHAPTER XV. OF OTHER LAWES OF NATURE Ch.37
- introduction of Warre; which is against the Law of Nature; and is Ch.38
- CHAPTER XVI. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED Ch.39
- PART II. Ch.40
- CHAPTER XVII. OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A Ch.41
- CHAPTER XVIII. OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVERAIGNES BY INSTITUTION Ch.42
- 1. The Subjects Cannot Change The Forme Of Government Ch.43
- 2. Soveraigne Power Cannot Be Forfeited Ch.44
- 3. No Man Can Without Injustice Protest Against The Institution Of The Ch.45
- 4. The Soveraigns Actions Cannot Be Justly Accused By The Subject Ch.46
- 5. What Soever The Soveraigne Doth, Is Unpunishable By The Subject Ch.47
- 6. The Soveraigne Is Judge Of What Is Necessary For The Peace And Ch.48
- 7. The Right of making Rules, whereby the Subject may every man know Ch.49
- 8. To Him Also Belongeth The Right Of All Judicature And Decision Of Ch.50
- 9. And Of Making War, And Peace, As He Shall Think Best: Ch.51
- 10. And Of Choosing All Counsellours, And Ministers, Both Of Peace, And Ch.52
- 11. And Of Rewarding, And Punishing, And That (Where No Ch.53
- 12. And Of Honour And Order Ch.54
- CHAPTER XIX. OF THE SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION, Ch.55
- CHAPTER XX. OF DOMINION PATERNALL AND DESPOTICALL Ch.56
- 21. 2,3) "Go into the Village over against you, and you shall find a Ch.57
- CHAPTER XXI. OF THE LIBERTY OF SUBJECTS Ch.58
- CHAPTER XXII. OF SYSTEMES SUBJECT, POLITICALL, AND PRIVATE Ch.59
- CHAPTER XXIII. OF THE PUBLIQUE MINISTERS OF SOVERAIGN POWER Ch.60
- CHAPTER XXIV. OF THE NUTRITION, AND PROCREATION OF A COMMON-WEALTH Ch.61
- CHAPTER XXV. OF COUNSELL Ch.62
- CHAPTER XXVI. OF CIVILL LAWES Ch.63
- 1. The Legislator in all Common-wealths, is only the Soveraign, be he Ch.64
- 2. The Soveraign of a Common-wealth, be it an Assembly, or one Man, is Ch.65
- 3. When long Use obtaineth the authority of a Law, it is not the Ch.66
- 4. The Law of Nature, and the Civill Law, contain each other, and are Ch.67
- 5. If the Soveraign of one Common-wealth, subdue a people that have Ch.68
- 6. Seeing then all Lawes, written, and unwritten, have their Authority, Ch.69
- 7. That Law can never be against Reason, our Lawyers are agreed; and Ch.70
- 8. From this, that the Law is a Command, and a Command consisteth in Ch.71
- 1. The Edicts, Constitutions, and Epistles Of The Prince, that is, of Ch.72
- 2. The Decrees Of The Whole People Of Rome (comprehending the Senate,) Ch.73
- 3. The Decrees Of The Common People (excluding the Senate,) when they Ch.74
- 4. Senatus Consulta, the Orders Of The Senate; because when the people Ch.75
- 5. The Edicts Of Praetors, and (in some Cases) of the Aediles: such as Ch.76
- 6. Responsa Prudentum; which were the Sentences, and Opinions of those Ch.77
- 7. Also, Unwritten Customes, (which in their own nature are an imitation Ch.78
- CHAPTER XXVII. OF CRIMES, EXCUSES, AND EXTENUATIONS Ch.79
- CHAPTER XXVIII. OF PUNISHMENTS, AND REWARDS Ch.80
- CHAPTER XXIX. OF THOSE THINGS THAT WEAKEN, OR TEND TO THE DISSOLUTION OF Ch.81
- CHAPTER XXX. OF THE OFFICE OF THE SOVERAIGN REPRESENTATIVE Ch.82
- CHAPTER XXXI. OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD BY NATURE Ch.83
- PART III. Ch.84
- CHAPTER XXXII. OF THE PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN POLITIQUES Ch.85
- CHAPTER XXXIII. OF THE NUMBER, ANTIQUITY, SCOPE, AUTHORITY, AND Ch.86
- 27. which was also commanded to be written on stones, in their entry Ch.87
- 22. 8 & 23. 1,2,3) Ch.88
- 14. 15. 63. Ch.89
- 126. whereby it is manifest that the Psalter was compiled, and put into Ch.90
- CHAPTER XXXIV. OF THE SIGNIFICATION OF SPIRIT, ANGEL, AND INSPIRATION IN Ch.91
- 8. 1. Where when the earth was covered with Waters, as in the beginning, Ch.92
- CHAPTER XXXV. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF KINGDOME OF GOD, OF Ch.93
- CHAPTER XXXVI. OF THE WORD OF GOD, AND OF PROPHETS Ch.94
- 18. 1.) by an apparition of three Angels; and to Abimelech (Gen. 20. 3.) Ch.95
- 26. 24.) to Isaac in the night; (that is, in his sleep, or by dream): Ch.96
- 12. 6,7,8.) "If there be a Prophet among you, I the Lord will make my Ch.97
- 4. 2, &c) speaking expressely of the means to examine Spirits, whether Ch.98
- CHAPTER XXXVII. OF MIRACLES, AND THEIR USE Ch.99
- 13. 58.) that he wrought not many Miracles in his own countrey, because Ch.100
- 18. of Deuteronomy; That wee take not any for Prophets, that teach any Ch.101
- CHAPTER XXXVIII. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF ETERNALL LIFE, Ch.102
- CHAPTER XXXIX. OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF THE WORD CHURCH Ch.103
- CHAPTER XL OF THE RIGHTS OF THE KINGDOME OF GOD, IN ABRAHAM, MOSES, Ch.104
- CHAPTER XLI. OF THE OFFICE OF OUR BLESSED SAVIOUR Ch.105
- CHAPTER XLII. OF POWER ECCLESIASTICALL Ch.106
- 24. where he saith, "As in Adam all die, so in Christ all shall be Ch.107
- 5. 39.) "Search the Scriptures; for in them yee thinke to have eternall Ch.108
- 2. of the same Chapter) "Serving of Tables," is a service done to the Ch.109
- CHAPTER XLIII. OF WHAT IS NECESSARY FOR A MANS RECEPTION INTO THE Ch.110
- 11. 30.) that "Christs yoke is Easy, and his burthen Light:" Nor that Ch.111
- 4. 2. "Every Spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ is come in the Ch.112
- PART IV. Ch.113
- CHAPTER XLIV. OF SPIRITUALL DARKNESSE FROM MISINTERPRETATION OF Ch.114
- 4. ver.3.) "Better is he that hath not yet been, than both they;" that Ch.115
- 1. 12.); and againe, (2 Sam. 3. 35.) for the death of Abner. This Ch.116
- CHAPTER XLV. OF DAEMONOLOGY, AND OTHER RELIQUES OF THE RELIGION OF THE Ch.117
- CHAPTER XLVI. OF DARKNESSE FROM VAIN PHILOSOPHY, AND FABULOUS TRADITIONS Ch.118
- CHAPTER XLVII. OF THE BENEFIT THAT PROCEEDETH FROM SUCH DARKNESSE, AND Ch.119