Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions by T. W. Doane

"It was the two and fortieth year after the reign of Augustus the Emperor, and the eight and twentieth year after the subduing of Egypt, and the death of Antonius and Cleopatra, when last of all the Ptolemies in Egypt ceased to bear rule, when our Saviour and Lord Jesus Christ, at the time of the first taxing--Cyrenius, then President of Syria--was born in Bethlehem, a city of Judea, according unto the prophecies in that behalf premised."[362:1] Had the Luke narrator known anything about Jewish history, he never would have made so gross a blunder as to place the taxing of Cyrenius in the days of Herod, and would have saved the immense amount of labor that it has taken in endeavoring to explain away the effects of his ignorance. One explanation of this mistake is, that there were _two_ assessments, one about the time Jesus was born, and the other ten years after; but this has entirely failed. Dr. Hooykaas, speaking of this, says: "The Evangelist (Luke) falls into the most extraordinary mistakes throughout. In the first place, history is silent as to a census of the whole (Roman) world ever having been made at all. In the next place, though Quirinius certainly did make such a register in Judea and Samaria, it did not extend to Galilee; so that Joseph's household was not affected by it. Besides, _it did not take place until ten years after the death of Herod_, when his son Archelaus was deposed by the emperor, and the districts of Judea and Samaria were thrown into a Roman province. Under the reign of Herod, nothing of the kind took place, nor was there any occasion for it. Finally, at the time of the birth of Jesus, the Governor of Syria was not Quirinius, but Quintus Sentius Saturninus."[362:2] The institution of the festival of the Nativity of Christ Jesus being held on the 25th of December, among the Christians, is attributed to Telesphorus, who flourished during the reign of Antonius Pius (A. D. 138-161), but the first _certain_ traces of it are found about the time of the Emperor Commodus (A. D. 180-192).[362:3] For a long time the Christians had been trying to discover upon what particular day Jesus had possibly or probably come into the world; and conjectures and traditions that rested upon absolutely no foundation, led one to the 20th of May, another to the 19th or 20th of April, and a third to the 5th of January. At last the opinion of the _community at Rome_ gained the upper hand, and the 25th of December was fixed upon.[362:4] It was not until the _fifth_ century, however, that this day had been _generally_ agreed upon.[362:5] _How it happened_ that this day finally became fixed as the birthday of Christ Jesus, may be inferred from what we shall now see. On the first moment after midnight of the 24th of December (_i. e._, on the morning of the 25th), nearly all the nations of the earth, as if by common consent, celebrated the accouchement of the "_Queen of Heaven_," of the "_Celestial Virgin_" of the sphere, and the birth of the god _Sol_. In _India_ this is a period of rejoicing everywhere.[363:1] It is a great religious festival, and the people _decorate their houses with garlands_, and _make presents to friends and relatives_. This custom is of very great antiquity.[363:2] In _China_, religious solemnities are celebrated at the time of the _winter solstice_, the last week in _December_, when all shops are shut up, and the courts are closed.[363:3] _Buddha_, the son of the Virgin Mâya, on whom, according to Chinese tradition, "the Holy Ghost" had descended, was said to have been born on Christmas day, December 25th.[363:4] Among the ancient _Persians_ their most splendid ceremonials were in honor of their Lord and Saviour _Mithras_; they kept his birthday, with many rejoicings, on the 25th of December. The author of the "_Celtic Druids_" says: "It was the custom of the heathen, long before the birth of Christ, to celebrate the birth-day of their gods," and that, "the 25th of December was a great festival with the _Persians_, who, in very early times, celebrated the birth of their god _Mithras_."[363:5] The Rev. Joseph B. Gross, in his "_Heathen Religion_," also tells us that: "The ancient Persians celebrated a festival in honor of _Mithras_ on the first day succeeding the _Winter Solstice_, the object of which was to _commemorate the Birth of Mithras_."[363:6] Among the ancient _Egyptians_, for centuries before the time of Christ Jesus, the 25th of December was set aside as the birthday of their gods. M. Le Clerk De Septchenes speaks of it as follows: "The ancient Egyptians fixed the pregnancy of _Isis_ (the _Queen of Heaven_, and the _Virgin Mother_ of the Saviour Horus), on the last days of March, and towards the end of _December_ they placed the commemoration of her delivery."[363:7] Mr. Bonwick, in speaking of _Horus_, says: "He is the great God-loved of Heaven. His birth was one of the greatest mysteries of the Egyptian religion. Pictures representing it appeared on the walls of temples. One passed through the holy _Adytum_[364:1] to the still more sacred quarter of the temple known as the birth-place of Horus. He was presumably the child of Deity. _At Christmas time_, or that answering to our festival, his image was brought out of that sanctuary with peculiar ceremonies, as the image of the infant _Bambino_[364:2] is still brought out and exhibited in Rome."[364:3] Rigord observes that the Egyptians not only worshiped a _Virgin Mother_ "prior to the birth of our Saviour, but exhibited the effigy of her son lying in the manger, in the manner the infant Jesus was afterwards laid in the cave at Bethlehem."[364:4] The "Chronicles of Alexandria," an ancient Christian work, says: "Watch how Egypt has constructed the childbirth of a Virgin, and the birth of her son, _who was exposed in a crib to the adoration of the people_."[364:5] _Osiris_, son of the "_Holy Virgin_," as they called Ceres, or Neith, his mother, was born on the 25th of December.[364:6] This was also the time celebrated by the ancient _Greeks_ as being the birthday of _Hercules_. The author of "_The Religion of the Ancient Greeks_" says: "The night of the _Winter Solstice_, which the Greeks named the triple night, was that which they thought gave birth to _Hercules_."[364:7] He further says: "It has become an epoch of singular importance in the eyes of the Christian, who has destined it to celebrate the birth of the Saviour, the _true_ Sun of Justice, who alone came to dissipate the darkness of ignorance."[364:8] _Bacchus_, also, was born at early dawn on the 25th of December. Mr. Higgins says of him: "The birth-place of Bacchus, called Sabizius or Sabaoth, was claimed by several places in Greece; but on Mount Zelmissus, in Thrace, his worship seems to have been chiefly celebrated. He was born of a virgin on the 25th of December, and was always called the SAVIOUR. In his Mysteries, he was shown to the people, as an infant is by the Christians at this day, on Christmas-day morning, in Rome."[364:9] The birthday of _Adonis_ was celebrated on the 25th of December. This celebration is spoken of by Tertullian, Jerome, and other Fathers of the Church,[365:1] who inform us that the ceremonies took place in a cave, and that the cave in which they celebrated his mysteries in Bethlehem, was that in which Christ Jesus was born. This was also a great holy day in ancient Rome. The Rev. Mr. Gross says: "In _Rome_, before the time of Christ, a festival was observed on the 25th of December, under the name of '_Natalis Solis Invicti_' (Birthday of Sol the Invincible). It was a day of universal rejoicings, illustrated by illuminations and public games."[365:2] "All public business was suspended, declarations of war and criminal executions were postponed, _friends made presents to one another_, and the slaves were indulged with great liberties."[365:3] A few weeks before the winter solstice, the Calabrian shepherds came into Rome to play on the pipes. Ovid alludes to this when he says: "Ante Deûm matrem cornu tibicen adunco Cum canit, exiguæ quis stipis aera neget." --(Epist. i. l. ii.) _i. e._, "When to the mighty mother pipes the swain, Grudge not a trifle for his pious strain." This practice is kept up to the present day. The ancient _Germans_, for centuries before "the _true_ Sun of Justice" was ever heard of, celebrated annually, at the time of the _Winter solstice_, what they called their Yule-feast. At this feast agreements were renewed, the gods were consulted as to the future, sacrifices were made to them, and the time was spent in jovial hospitality. Many features of this festival, such as burning the yule-log on Christmas-eve, still survive among us.[365:4] _Yule_ was the old name for Christmas. In French it is called _Noel_, which is the Hebrew or Chaldee word _Nule_.[365:5] The greatest festival of the year celebrated among the ancient _Scandinavians_, was at the _Winter solstice_. They called the night upon which it was observed, the "_Mother-night_." This feast was named _Jul_--hence is derived the word _Yule_--and was celebrated in honor of _Freyr_ (son of the Supreme God Odin, and the goddess Frigga), who was born on that day. Feasting, nocturnal assemblies, and all the demonstrations of a most dissolute joy, were then authorized by the general usage. At this festival the principal guests _received presents_--generally horses, swords, battle-axes, and gold rings--at their departure.[365:6] The festival of the 25th of December was celebrated by the ancient _Druids_, in Great Britain and Ireland, with great fires lighted on the tops of hills.[366:1] Godfrey Higgins says: "Stuckley observes that the worship of Mithra was spread all over Gaul and Britain. The Druids kept this night as a great festival, and called the day following it Nolagh or Noel, or the day of regeneration, and celebrated it with great fires on the tops of their mountains, which they repeated on the day of the Epiphany or twelfth night. The Mithraic monuments, which are common in Britain, have been attributed to the Romans, but this festival proves that the Mithraic worship was there prior to their arrival."[366:2] This was also a time of rejoicing in Ancient Mexico. Acosta says: "In the first month, which in Peru they call Rayme, and answering to our _December_, they made a solemn feast called _Capacrayme_ (the Winter Solstice), wherein they made many sacrifices and ceremonies, which continued many days."[366:3] The evergreens, and particularly the mistletoe, which are used all over the Christian world at Christmas time, betray its heathen origin. Tertullian, a Father of the Church, who flourished about A. D. 200, writing to his brethren, affirms it to be "_rank idolatry_" to deck their doors "_with garlands or flowers, on festival days, according to the custom of the heathen_."[366:4] This shows that the heathen in those days, did as the Christians do now. What have evergreens, and garlands, and Christmas trees, to do with Christianity? Simply _nothing_. It is the old Yule-feast which was held by all the northern nations, from time immemorial, handed down to, and observed at the present day. In the greenery with which Christians deck their houses and temples of worship, and in the Christmas-trees laden with gifts, we unquestionably see a relic of the symbols by which our heathen forefathers signified their faith in the powers of the returning sun to clothe the earth again with green, and hang new fruit on the trees. Foliage, such as the laurel, myrtle, ivy, or oak, and in general, _all evergreens_, were _Dionysiac plants_, that is, symbols of the generative power, signifying perpetuity of youth and vigor.[366:5] Among the causes, then, that co-operated in fixing this period--December 25th--as the birthday of Christ Jesus, was, as we have seen, that almost every ancient nation of the earth held a festival on this day in commemoration of the birth of _their_ virgin-born god. On this account the Christians _adopted it_ as the time of the birth of _their_ God. Mr. Gibbon, speaking of this in his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," says: "The Roman Christians, ignorant of the real date of his (Christ's) birth, fixed the solemn festival to the 25th of December, the _Brumalia_, or Winter Solstice, when the Pagans annually celebrated the birth of _Sol_."[367:1] And Mr. King, in his "Gnostics and their Remains," says: "The ancient festival held on the 25th of December in honor of the 'Birthday of the Invincible One,' and celebrated by the 'great games' at the circus, was afterwards transferred to the commemoration of the birth of Christ, the precise day of which many of the Fathers confess was then unknown."[367:2] St. Chrysostom, who flourished about A. D. 390, referring to this Pagan festival, says: "_On this day, also, the birth of Christ was lately fixed at Rome_, in order that whilst the heathen were busy with their _profane_ ceremonies, the Christians might perform their _holy rites_ undisturbed."[367:3] Add to this the fact that St. Gregory, a Christian Father of the third century, was instrumental in, and commended by other Fathers for, changing _Pagan festivals_ into Christian _holidays_, for the purpose, as they said, of drawing the heathen to the religion of Christ.[367:4] As Dr. Hooykaas remarks, the church was always anxious to meet the heathen _half way_, by allowing them to retain the feasts they were accustomed to, only giving them a _Christian dress_, or attaching a new or Christian signification to them.[367:5] In doing these, and many other such things, which we shall speak of in our chapter on "_Paganism in Christianity_," the Christian Fathers, instead of drawing the heathen to their religion, drew themselves into Paganism. FOOTNOTES: [359:1] See Bible for Learners vol. iii. p. 66; Chambers's Encyclo., art. "_Christmas_." [359:2] Eccl. Hist., vol. i. p. 53. Quoted in Taylor's Diegesis, p. 104. [359:3] See Chapter XL., this work. [359:4] Hebrew and Christian Records, vol. ii. p. 189. [360:1] Hebrew and Christian Records, p. 194. [360:2] Life of Christ, vol. i. p. 556. [360:3] Barnes' Notes, vol. ii. p. 402. [360:4] Ibid. p. 25. [360:5] Farrar's Life of Christ, App., pp. 673, 4. [361:1] Bible Chronology, pp. 73, 74. [361:2] Hist. de Juif. [361:3] Chap. ii. 13-20. [361:4] Luke, ii. 1-7. [361:5] Matt. ii. 1. [361:6] See Josephus: Antiq., bk. xviii. ch. i. sec. i. [361:7] Eusebius was Bishop of Cesarea from A. D. 315 to 340, in which he died, in the 70th year of his age, thus playing his great part in life chiefly under the reigns of Constantine the Great and his son Constantine. [362:1] Eusebius: Eccl. Hist., lib. 1, ch. vi. [362:2] Bible for Learners, vol. iii. p. 56. [362:3] See Chamber's Encyclo., art. "_Christmas_." [362:4] See Bible for Learners, vol. iii. p. 66. [362:5] "By the fifth century, however, whether from the influence of some tradition, or from the desire to supplant _Heathen Festivals_ of that period of the year, such as the Saturnalia, the 25th of December had been generally agreed upon." (Encyclopædia Brit., art. "Christmas.") [363:1] See Monier Williams: Hinduism, p. 181. [363:2] See Prog. Relig. Ideas, vol. i. p. 126. [363:3] Ibid. 216. [363:4] See Bunsen: The Angel-Messiah, pp. x.-25, and 110, and Lillie: Buddha and Buddhism, p. 73. Some writers have asserted that _Crishna_ is said to have been born on December 25th, but this is not the case. His birthday is held in July-August. (See Williams' Hinduism, p. 183, and Life and Religion of the Hindoos, p. 134.) [363:5] Celtic Druids, p. 163. See also, Prog. Relig. Ideas, vol. i. p. 272; Monumental Christianity, p. 167; Bible for Learners, iii. pp. 66, 67. [363:6] The Heathen Religion, p. 287. See also, Dupuis: p. 246. [363:7] Relig. of the Anct. Greeks, p. 214. See also, Higgins: Anacalypsis, vol. ii. p. 99. [364:1] "_Adytum_"--the interior or sacred part of a heathen temple. [364:2] "_Bambino_"--a term used for representations of the infant Saviour, Christ Jesus, in _swaddlings_. [364:3] Bonwick's Egyptian Belief, p. 157. See also, Dupuis, p. 237. [364:4] "Deinceps Egyptii PARITURAM VIRGINEM magno in honore habuerunt; quin soliti sunt puerum effingere jacentem in præsepe, quali POSTEA in Bethlehemeticâ speluncâ natus est." (Quoted in Anacalypsis, p. 102, of vol. ii.) [364:5] Quoted by Bonwick, p. 143. [364:6] Anacalypsis, vol. ii. p. 99. [364:7] Relig. Anct. Greece, p. 215. [364:8] Ibid. [364:9] Anacalypsis, vol. ii. p. 102; Dupuis, p. 237, and Baring Gould: Orig. Relig. Belief, vol. i. p. 322. [365:1] Anacalypsis, vol. ii. p. 99. [365:2] The Heathen Religion, p. 287; Dupuis, p. 283. [365:3] Bulfinch, p. 21. [365:4] See Bible for Learners, vol. iii. p. 67, and Chambers, art. "Yule." [365:5] See Chambers's, art. "Yule," and "Celtic Druids," p. 162. [365:6] Mallet's Northern Antiquities, pp. 110 and 355. Knight: p. 87. [366:1] Dupuis, 160; Celtic Druids, and Monumental Christianity, p. 167. [366:2] Anacalypsis, vol. ii. p. 99. [366:3] Hist. Indies, vol. ii. p. 354. [366:4] See Middleton's Works, vol. i. p. 80. [366:5] Knight: Anct. Art and Mytho., p. 82. [367:1] Gibbon's Rome, vol. ii. p. 383. [367:2] King's Gnostics, p. 49. [367:3] Quoted in Ibid. [367:4] See the chapter on "Paganism in Christianity." [367:5] Bible for Learners, vol. iii. p. 67.