Medical Jurisprudence, Forensic medicine and Toxicology. Vol. 1 by R. A. Witthaus et al.

9. “Eye test:” after death there is a loss of sensibility of the eye

to light, loss of corneal transparency, and the pupil is not responsive to mydriatics. POST-MORTEM CHANGES. The human body after death undergoes certain changes which will be discussed under the following heads:

← Previous Back to Home Next →

Chapter 1 Ch.1
INTRODUCTION, v Ch.2
INTRODUCTION. Ch.3
CHAPTER I. Ch.4
CHAPTER II. Ch.5
CHAPTER III. Ch.6
CHAPTER IV. Ch.7
CHAPTER V. Ch.8
CHAPTER VI. Ch.9
1. Persons graduated from a legally chartered medical school not less Ch.10
3. Medical students taking a regular course of medical instruction. Ch.11
1. Graduates of a reputable medical college in the school of medicine Ch.12
2. Persons not graduates in medicine who had practised medicine in this Ch.13
3. A person not a graduate of medicine and who has not practised Ch.14
1. Fellow, member (inserted 22 Vict., c. 21, s. 4), licentiate, or Ch.15
2. Fellow, member (inserted 22 Vict., c. 21, s. 4), or licentiate of Ch.16
3. Fellow or licentiate of the King’s and Queen’s College of Physicians Ch.17
4. Fellow or member or licentiate in midwifery of the Royal College of Ch.18
5. Fellow or licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Ch.19
6. Fellow or licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Ch.20
10. Doctor or bachelor or licentiate of medicine, or master in surgery Ch.21
11. Doctor of medicine of any foreign or colonial university or Ch.22
1. Persons entitled to be registered at the time of the coming into Ch.23
2. Any member of any incorporated college of physicians and surgeons Ch.24
3. Every person mentioned in chap. 48 of Act 49 and 50 Vict. of the Ch.25
4. Every graduate in medicine upon examination of the University of Ch.26
5. Every person who produces to the registrar the certificate under the Ch.27
1. A license to practise physic, surgery, and midwifery, or either, Ch.28
2. A license or diploma granted under 2 Vict., c. 38, or under the Ch.29
3. A license or authorization to practise physic, surgery, and Ch.30
4. A certificate of qualification to practise medicine, surgery, and Ch.31
5. A medical or surgical degree or diploma of any university or college Ch.32
6. A certificate of registration under the Imperial Act 21 and 22 Ch.33
7. A commission or warrant as physician or surgeon in Her Majesty’s Ch.34
8. Certificates of qualification to practise medicine under any of the Ch.35
1. That he holds a certificate of study from a licensed physician for Ch.36
3. That he has followed his studies during a period of not less than Ch.37
4. That during said four years he attended at some university, college, Ch.38
5. That he attended the general practice of a hospital in which are Ch.39
6. That he has attended six cases of labor and compounded medicines for Ch.40
1. When and under what circumstances the body was first seen; stating Ch.41
3. Any circumstances that would lead to a suspicion of suicide or Ch.42
4. Time after death at which the examination was made, if it can be Ch.43
5. The external appearance of the body: whether the surface is livid or Ch.44
7. Any marks of violence on the person, disarrangement of the dress, Ch.45
8. Presence or absence of warmth in the legs, abdomen, arms, armpits, Ch.46
9. Presence or absence of rigor mortis. Ch.47
10. Upon first opening the body the color of the muscles should be Ch.48
12. The state of the abdominal viscera, describing each one in Ch.49
13. The state of the heart and lungs. (For special consideration of the Ch.50
14. The state of the brain and spinal cord. Ch.51
2. Intermittent shocks of electricity at different tensions passed into Ch.52
3. Careful movements of the joints of the extremities and of the lower Ch.53
4. A bright needle plunged into the body of the biceps muscle Ch.54
5. The opening of a vein, showing that the blood has undergone Ch.55
6. The subcutaneous injection of ammonia (Monte Verde’s test), causing Ch.56
7. A fillet applied to the veins of the arm (Richardson’s test), Ch.57
8. “Diaphanous test:” after death there is an absence of the Ch.58
9. “Eye test:” after death there is a loss of sensibility of the eye Ch.59
4. Changes in color due to Ch.60
1. Situation. Post-mortem ecchymoses are seen on that portion of the Ch.61
2. In cadaveric lividity there is no elevation of the skin and the Ch.62
3. After cutting into the tissues where an ecchymosis has been produced Ch.63
4. Post-mortem ecchymoses are very extensive, ante-mortem generally Ch.64
1. =Temperature.=—Putrefaction advances most rapidly at a temperature Ch.65
2. =Moisture.=—Putrefaction takes place only in the presence of Ch.66
3. =Air.=—Exposure to air favors decomposition by carrying to the body Ch.67
4. =Age.=—The bodies of children decompose much more rapidly than Ch.68
5. =Cause of Death.=—In cases of sudden death, as from accident or Ch.69
6. =Manner of Burial.=—When a body is buried in low ground in a damp, Ch.70
1. =The Temperature.=—Below 32° F. and above 212° F. putrefaction is Ch.71
2. =Moisture.=—Absence of moisture retards decomposition. In the dry Ch.72
3. =Air.=—If access of air to a body be prevented in any way by its Ch.73
4. =Age.=—Adults and old people decompose more slowly than children. Ch.74
5. =Cause of Death.=—Putrefaction is delayed after death from chronic Ch.75
6. =Manner of Burial.=—Putrefaction is retarded by burial a short Ch.76
1. Bodies of young persons, because the fat is abundant and chiefly Ch.77
4. The immersion of bodies in water, the change taking place more Ch.78
5. Humid soil, especially when bodies are placed in it one upon the Ch.79
1. HEMORRHAGE varies in amount with the size of the wound, the Ch.80
2. COAGULATION OF BLOOD.—As stated at the beginning of this section, Ch.81
3. EVERSION OF THE LIPS OF THE WOUND.—The edges or lips of a wound Ch.82
4. RETRACTION OF THE SIDES OF THE WOUND is also dependent on their Ch.83
1. =Hemorrhage.=—This may act by producing syncope. But the amount of Ch.84
introduction into the blood and tissues of the bacteria themselves. Ch.85
1. _Cullingworth: Lancet, May 1st, 1875, p. 608_.—Woman. Believed to Ch.86
2. _Taylor: “Med. Jur.,” Am. Ed., 1892, p. 412._—Man and woman. Ch.87
3. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., December_ 1st, 1875, _p. 312_.—Hindoo Ch.88
4. _Harris: Ibid., p. 313._—Boy, age 10. Abrasions over front of Ch.89
5. _Mackenzie: Ibid., February, 1889, p. 44._—Hindoo woman, age not Ch.90
30. Strangled by soft cloth cord. Necroscopy: Circular mark of cord, Ch.91
7. _Ibid., p. 234._—Hindoo woman, age about 40. Broad, circular, Ch.92
8. _Ibid., p. 235._—Hindoo woman, age about 25. Piece of cloth twisted Ch.93
9. _Harvey: Ibid., January_ 1st, 1876, _p. 2_.—Hindoo woman, age 12 Ch.94
10. _Ibid._—Hindoo man, age 20. Dead seven days; much decomposition Ch.95
11. _Ibid._—Cases of strangulation by sticks and other hard Ch.96
12. _Ibid._—In another subject two sticks were tightly tied together, Ch.97
13. _Pemberton: Lancet, May_ 22d, 1869, _p. 707_.—Woman, age 60. Ch.98
14. _Cullingworth: Med. Chron., Manchester, 1884-85, i., p. Ch.99
15. _The Gouffé Case._—Murdered by Eyraud and Bompard in 1889. _Archiv Ch.100
16. _Horteloup: Ann. d’Hygiène, 1873, xxxix., pp. 408-416._—Man found Ch.101
17. _Laennec: Journ. de med. l’ouest, 1878, xii., pp. 68-71._—Woman, Ch.102
18. _Lancet, ii., 1841-42, p. 129._—Woman, found dead, her clothing Ch.103
19. _Alguie: “Étude méd. and exp. de l’homicide réel ou simulé par Ch.104
20. _Gatscher: Mittheil. d. Wien. med. Doct. Colleg., 1878, iv., p. Ch.105
21. _Ibid., p. 46._—Woman, age 50, found dead in bed. Blood fluid; two Ch.106
22. _Waidele: Memorabilien, 1873, xviii., pp. 161-167._—Husband and Ch.107
23. _Rehm: Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1883, xxxiv., pp. Ch.108
24. _Schüppel: Vier. ger. öff. Med., xiii., 1870, pp. 140-156._—Woman, Ch.109
25. _Weiss: Ibid., xxvii., 1877, pp. 239-244._—Woman strangulated by Ch.110
26. _Isnard and Dieu: Rev. cas jud., Paris, 1841, p. 101._—Man, Ch.111
27. _Friedberg: Gericht. gutacht., 1875, pp. 211-224._—Woman found Ch.112
26. _Tardieu: “Pendaison,” p. 223._—New-born infant. Question whether Ch.113
29. _Ibid., p. 219._—Woman, advanced in years, habits dissipated; Ch.114
30. _Ibid., p. 216._—Wife of the celebrated painter Gurneray; found Ch.115
31. _Ibid., p. 211._—Three murders by one man. All women. All injured Ch.116
32. _Francis: Med. Times and Gaz., December_ 2d, 1876, _p. Ch.117
33. _Badahur: Indian Med. Gaz., December, 1882, p. 330._—Hindoo Ch.118
34. _Harris: Ibid._—Woman; made a loop of her hair around her neck, Ch.119
35. _Geoghegan: Taylor’s “Med. Jur.,” Am. Ed., 1892, p. 413._—Informed Ch.120
36. _Taylor: “Med. Jur.,” Am. Ed., 1892, p. 418._—Boy: found dead with Ch.121
37. _Fargues: Rec. de mém. de méd., etc., Paris, 1869, xxii., pp. Ch.122
38. _Borchard: Jour. de méd. de Bordeaux, 1860, v., p. 349 et Ch.123
39. _Hofmann: Wien med. Presse, 1879, xx., p. 16, et seq. Also Ch.124
40. _Zillner: Wien med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 969, 999._—Woman, age Ch.125
41. _Bollinger: Friedreich’s Blätter f. ger. Med., 1889, xl., p. Ch.126
42. _Roth: Ibid., p. 9._—Man, age 68; melancholic; found dead in bed. Ch.127
43. _Ibid._—Son-in-law at 36 years of age had committed suicide in the Ch.128
44. _Ibid._—Man, age 63; found dead in his bed; cord around neck Ch.129
45. _Maschka: Vier. ger. öff. Med., 1883, xxxviii., pp. 71-77._—Woman, Ch.130
46. _Ibid._—Woman; supposed to have been murdered by her son. There Ch.131
47. _Hackel: Dorpat Diss., 1891, p. 34._—Man, age 48; strangled Ch.132
48. _Binner: Zeitsch. f. Med-beamte, 1888, i., pp. 364-368._—Woman; Ch.133
49. _Bédié: Rec. de mém. de Méd., etc., Paris, 1866, xvi., pp. Ch.134
50. _Liégey: Jour. de Méd. chir. et pharm., Brussels, 1868, xlvi., Ch.135
51. _Friedberg: Gericht. gutacht., p. 240._—New-born child found dead Ch.136
1. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., 1876, xi., p. 2._—Man, age 30. Found Ch.137
2. _Ibid., p. 3._—Insane man, age 60. Put his neck in a V-shaped fork Ch.138
3. _Ibid., p. 5._—Woman, age 28. Two marks of ligature on neck; one Ch.139
4. _Ibid., p. 5._—Man, age 45; first cut his throat and then hung Ch.140
5. _Ibid., p. 30._—Woman; hung herself with a twisted cloth. There Ch.141
6. _Ibid._—Man, age 39. Distinct mark of cord around neck; no other Ch.142
7. _Ibid._—Man, age 70. Mark of cord around the neck, superficial Ch.143
8. _Ibid._—Sex and age not given. Found hanging on a tree; usual Ch.144
9. _Ibid., p. 32._—Man, age 50. Face livid, eyes red and protruding; Ch.145
10. _Hurpy: Ann. d’ Hygiene, 1881, vi., pp. 359-367, with Ch.146
11. _Champouillon: Same journal, 1876, xlvi., p. 129._—Man, age 62; Ch.147
12. _Pellier: Lyon thesis, 1883, No. 188, p. 72._—Boy, age 16, hung Ch.148
13. _Lacassagne: Pellier thesis (supra), p. 71._—Man; hung himself; Ch.149
14. _Maschka: Archiv. de l’anthrop. crim., Paris, 1886, i., pp. Ch.150
15. _Friedberg: Virchow’s Archiv, 1878, lxxiv., p. 401._—Suicidal Ch.151
16. _Bollinger: Friedreich’s Blätt. f. ger. Med., 1889, xl., p. Ch.152
17. _Med. Times and Gaz., London, 1860, ii., p. 39._—Woman; had Ch.153
18. _E. Hoffman: Mitt. d. Wien. Med. Doct. Colleg., 1878, iv., pp. Ch.154
20. 3d. Man, age 50. First tried to kill himself with phosphorus, then Ch.155
21. _Müller-Beninga: Berlin. klin. Woch., 1877, xiv., p. 481._—Man, Ch.156
22. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 18._—The Prince of Condé was found hanging Ch.157
23. _Allison: Lancet, 1869, i., p. 636._—Three cases of suicide by Ch.158
24. _Tardieu: Op. cit., pp. 93-105._—Woman, died of coma and asphyxia Ch.159
25. _Ibid., pp. 67-72._—The famous case of Marc-Antoine Calas, who Ch.160
26. _Ibid., p. 72._—Another famous case. A woman, age 30, hung herself Ch.161
27. _Hofmann: Wien. med. Presse, 1880, xxi., p. 201._—Man, age 68, Ch.162
28. _Ibid.: 1878, xix., pp. 489-493._—Woman, found dead sitting in Ch.163
29. _Ibid._—Man, tried to poison himself with phosphorus and sulphuric Ch.164
30. _Maschka: Wien. med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 714, 747, 1075._—Man, Ch.165
32. _Ibid. 1883, xxxiii., pp. 1118-1120._—Woman. age 23. Question Ch.166
33. _Hofmann: Allg. Wien. med. Zeit., 1870, xv., pp. 192-214._—Man, Ch.167
34. _Van Haumeder: Wien. med. Woch., 1882, xxxii., pp. Ch.168
35. _Maschka: “Sammlung gericht. Gutacht.,” etc. (Prag), Leipzig, 1873, Ch.169
36. _Ibid., p. 144._—Boy, age 13. Found hanging in sitting position. Ch.170
37. _Ibid., p. 149._—Woman, age 60; found hanging, sitting position. Ch.171
39. _Ibid., p. 165._—Man, age 63. Suicide by hanging, or homicide by Ch.172
40. _Berliner: Viert. f. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1874, xx., pp. Ch.173
41. _Deininger: Friedreich’s Blät. ger. Med., 1884, xxxv., pp. Ch.174
42. _Mader: Bericht d. k. k. Rud. Stift., Wien. (1875), 1876, p. Ch.175
43. _Grant: Lancet, 1889, ii., p. 265._—Man, age 48; found sitting Ch.176
44. _White: Lancet, 1884, ii., p. 401._—Woman, age 53, insane. Made Ch.177
45. _Richards: Indian Med. Gaz., 1886, xxi., p. 78._—Man, age 20; Ch.178
47. _Terrier: Prog. Méd., 1887, vi., pp. 211-214._—Two men, age 29 and Ch.179
48. _Nobeling: Aertz. Intellig.-bl., 1884, xxxi., p. 213._—Two Ch.180
49. _Ritter: Allg. Wien,. med. Zeit., 1886, xxxi., p. 375._—Soldier, Ch.181
50. _Strassmann: Viert. f. ger. Med., 1888, xlviii., pp. Ch.182
51. _Balta: Pest. Med. Chir. Presse, 1892, xxviii., p. 1244._—Man, age Ch.183
52. _Hackel: Op. cit., p. 35._—Man, found hanging to a beam by a Ch.184
53. _Ibid._—Two cases of suicidal hanging where the cord made no mark. Ch.185
54. _Freund: Wien. klin. Woch., 1893, vi., pp. 118-121._—Man, found Ch.186
55. _Hoffman: Op. cit., p. 525, illustrated._—Case communicated by Dr. Ch.187
56. _Ibid., p. 530._—Man found hanging by handkerchief to branch of Ch.188
57. _Ibid., p. 541._—Man found hanging to a window. Another man cut Ch.189
58. _Ibid._—Man found hanging; cut down; the fall caused rupture of Ch.190
59. _Ibid., p. 539._—Drunkard hung himself; there was evidence that he Ch.191
60. _Ibid._—Boy hung himself because he had been punished by the Ch.192
61. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., 1876, xi., p. 3._—Woman, age 20, Ch.193
62. _Ibid., p. 4._—Woman, age 38. Rope close under the chin passed Ch.194
63. _Rehm: Friedreich’s Blät. f. ger. Med., 1883, xxxiv., pp. Ch.195
64. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 125._—Woman found hanging in her room. Ch.196
65. _Ibid., p. 124._—Girl, 15 years old. Body found hanging. Post Ch.197
66. _Ibid., p._ 122.—Woman found hanging in her room, and was Ch.198
67. _Ibid., p. 106._—The Duroulle affair. Woman found hanging. Ch.199
68. _Ibid., p._ 130.—The Daugats affair. Man found hanging, sitting Ch.200
69. _Passauer: Viert. f. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1876, xxiv., pp. Ch.201
70. _Becker: Same journal, 1877, xxvii., pp. 463-473._—Woman, age Ch.202
71. _Maschka: “Samm. gericht. Gutacht.,” etc. (Prag), Leipzig, 1873_, Ch.203
72. _Ibid., p. 127._—Man found dead. Had he been strangled or hung, or Ch.204
73. _Ibid., p. 133._—Woman, age 42; found hanging; a mark around her Ch.205
74. _Rehm: Friedreich’s Blätt., 1883, xxxiv., pp. 322-362._—Man, age Ch.206
75. _Hofmann: “Lehrbuch,” p. 538._—A father hung his five children, Ch.207
76. _MacLaren: Indian Med. Gaz., 1873, viii., p. 234._—Three cases of Ch.208
77. _Second man_, age 16; pupils widely dilated; eyeballs protruding. Ch.209
78. _Third man_, age 20; pupils slightly dilated; eyeballs and tongue Ch.210
79. _Cayley: Ibid., p. 122._—Man, age 35; executed by hanging. Ch.211
80. _Garden: Same journal, 1880, xv., p. 12._—Man, age 40, weight Ch.212
81. See two cases of judicial hanging by _Wilkie, same journal, 1881, Ch.213
82. _Porter: Archiv. Laryngol., New York, 1880, i., p. 142._—Redemier Ch.214
83. _Another_ criminal hung at the same time had dislocation of Ch.215
84. _Fenwick: Canada Med. Jour., 1867, iii., p. 195._—Man executed; Ch.216
85. _Dyer: Trans. Amer. Ophthal. Soc., 1866, p. 13._—Man, age 24; Ch.217
86. _Dyer: Same Trans., 1869, pp. 72-75._—Man hung. One eye showed Ch.218
87. _Green: Same Trans., 1876, p. 354._—Man hung; drop seven or eight Ch.219
88. _Keen: Amer. Jour. Med. Sci., 1870, lix., p. 417._—Two criminals Ch.220
89. _Clark: Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 1858, lviii., p. Ch.221
90. _Hofmann: Wien. med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 477-480._—Man, a Ch.222
91. _Kinkhead: Lancet_, and 701-703.—Cases of hanging. In one, the Ch.223
92. _Nelson: Southern Clinic, 1885, viii., pp. 198-202._—Two colored Ch.224
93. _Dercum: Phila. Med. Times, 1886-87, xvii., p. 368._—Description Ch.225
94. _Kirtikar: Trans. M. and P. Soc., Bombay, 1885, vi., pp. Ch.226
95. _Lamb: Med. News, Philadelphia, 1882, xli., pp. 42-45._—Execution Ch.227
96. _Thomson and Allen: Catalog. Surg. Sec. Army Med. Mus._; specimens Ch.228
97. _Harvey: Indian Med. Gaz., 1876, xi., p. 3._—Boy, age 1½ years; Ch.229
98. _Hackel: Op. cit., p. 35._—Man, age 19, sitting on a load of wood, Ch.230
99. _Biggs and Jenkins: New York Med. Jour., 1890, lii., p. 30._—Case Ch.231
1. _Huppert: Vier. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1876, xxiv., pp. Ch.232
2. _Johnson: Lancet, 1878, ii., p. 501._—Boy swallowed penny, became Ch.233
3. _Ibid._—Man suddenly fell while at dinner; face blue; breathing Ch.234
4. _Ibid._—Boy, age 5 years. Button in larynx. Aphonia, dyspnœa, Ch.235
5. _Ibid._—Man, drunk, swallowed a half-sovereign. Urgent dyspnœa; Ch.236
6. _Med. Times and Gaz., 1874, i., p. 486._—Man, age 20, had severe Ch.237
7. _Littlejohn: Edin. Med. Jour., 1875, xx., p. 780._—Woman found Ch.238
8. _Sayre: New York Med. Jour., 1874, xix., p. 420._—Girl, age Ch.239
9. _Duffy: Trans. Med. Soc. No. Car., 1874, p. 126._—Boy, age 8, Ch.240
10. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 290._—Man, age 50, found dead on the floor. Ch.241
11. _Oesterlen: Vier. f. ger. Med. und öff. San., 1876, xxiv., p. Ch.242
12. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 322._—Two children, one 2 months old, the Ch.243
13. _Blum: New York Med. Jour., 1885, xlii., p. 207._—Woman, found Ch.244
14. _Wyeth: Same journal, 1884, xl., p. 487._—Boy, age 12, inspired Ch.245
15. _Partridge: Same journal, 1890, li., p. 303._—Child, 4 months old, Ch.246
42. _Roy. Indian Med. Gaz., 1880, xv., p. 71._—Man, believed to be Ch.247
49. _Poupon: Bull. Soc. Clin., Paris (1882), 1883, vi., pp. Ch.248
50. _Pons: Jour. Méd., Bordeaux, 1889-1890, xix., pp. 57-61._—Woman, Ch.249
51. _Kemény: Wien. med. Blat., 1890, xiii., p. 37._—Man, age 45. Ch.250
52. _Maschka: Vier. ger. Med., 1885, xliii., pp. 11-14._—Man, age 65. Ch.251
53. _Heidenhain: Same journal, 1886, xliv., pp. 96-101._—Vomited Ch.252
54. _Langstein: Wien. med. Woch., 1880, xxx., pp. 624-626._—Child Ch.253
55. _Ward: Catalog. Army Med. Mus., Med. Sec., p. 33._—Soldier, age Ch.254
56. _Sankey: Brit. Med. Jour., 1883, i., p. 88._—Epileptic; found dead Ch.255
57. _Macleod: Ibid., 1882, ii., p. 1246._—Suicidal maniac. Had to Ch.256
58. _Christison: Edin. Med. Jour., 1829, xxxi., pp. 236-250._—The Ch.257
59. _Hackel: Dorpat Diss., 1891, p. 35._—Case of choking with pressure Ch.258
60. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 315._—New-born infant; found buried in Ch.259
61. _Tardieu: Op. cit., p. 323._—New-born infant found under a cask, Ch.260
62. _Ibid., p. 325._—New-born infant found buried in the earth; gravel Ch.261
63. _Ibid., p. 326._—New-born infant found in ashes; nose and lips Ch.262
64. _Ibid., p. 327._—New-born infant, buried in bran; nose and mouth Ch.263
65. _Devergie and Raynaud: Ann. d’Hyg., 1852, xlviii., pp. Ch.264
66. _Rauscher: Friedreich’s Blat., 1886, xxxvii., pp. 324-330._—Woman, Ch.265
1602. Mongitore, “Bibl. Sic.,” Panormi, 1707-14. i., 199, mentions Ch.266
1885. (See Toxicology.) Ch.267
143. The Court said (per Sedgwick, J.): “In order to give the public Ch.268
209. Kansas, Teft _v._ Wilcox, 6 Kan., 46. Massachusetts, Com. _v._ Ch.269
668. Wisconsin, Reynolds _v._ Graves, 3 Wis., 416. Vermont, Briggs _v._ Ch.270
1. Causes of death; especially in cases of homicide, suicide, accident, Ch.271
2. Causes, nature, and extent of personal injuries, by violence, Ch.272
3. Birth of infants; was infant born dead or alive; if dead, was death Ch.273
4. Rape, abortion, bastardy, pederasty, onanism, masochism, and many Ch.274
5. Malpractice cases, involving the degree of care and skill usual, Ch.275
77. Staunton _v._ Parker, 19 Hun, 55, is thus overruled. Ch.276
493. Although this point was discussed, the case was really decided on Ch.277