Myths of the Cherokee by James Mooney

sacred formulas is Usûñhi'yi, q. v. Xuala--see Ani-Suwa'li. -ya--a suffix denoting principal or real, as tsiskwa'ya, "principal bird," the sparrow; Ani'-Yûñwiya', "principal or real people," Indians. Yahoola--see Yahulâ'i. Yahulâ'i--"Yahu'la place," from Yahu'la, a Cherokee trader said to have been taken by the spirit people; Yahu'la seems to be from the Creek yoho'lo, a name having reference to the song (yoholo), used in the "black drink" ceremony of the Creeks; thus a'si-yoho'lo, corrupted into Osceola, signified "the black drink song"; it may, however, be a true Cherokee word, yahu'lû, or yahu'li, the name for a variety of hickory, also for the "doodle-bug"; Ûñyahu'la is a feminine name, but can not be translated. Yahoola creek, near Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, Georgia. See number 86 and notes. Yalâ'gi--Alarka creek of Little Tennessee river, above the junction of Tuckasegee, in Swain county, North Carolina; the meaning of the name is lost. yañdaska'ga--a faultfinder. See number 61. Yân-e'gwa--"Big-bear," from yânû, bear, and egwa, great, large. A prominent chief about the year 1800; the name occurs in treaties as Yonah, Yohanaqua and Yonahequah. See page 164. yâ'nû--bear. Yâ'nû-dinehûñ'yi--"Where the bears live," from yânû, bear, dinehû', "they dwell" (e'hû, "I dwell, I live"), and yi, locative. A place on Oconaluftee river, a short distance above the junction with Tuckasegee, in Swain county, North Carolina. See number 122. Yânûgûñ'ski--"The bear drowns him" (habitually), from yânû, bear, and tsigûñ'iska', "I am drowning him." A noted East Cherokee chief, known to the whites as Yonaguska or Drowning-bear. See page 162. Yâ'nû-u'natawasti'yi--"Where the bears wash" (from yânû, bear, and yi, locative); a former pond in the Great Smoky mountains, about the extreme head of Raven fork, in Swain county, North Carolina. See number 122. yân'-utse'stû--"the bear lies on it"; the shield fern (Aspidium). See number 126. Yawâ'i--"Yawa place"; a place on Yellow creek of Cheowa river, in Graham county, North Carolina. See number 122. Yellow-hill--see Elawâ'diyi. Yohanaqua--see Yân-e'gwa. yoho-o!--an unmeaning song refrain. See number 75. Yonaguska--see Yâ'nûgûñ'ski. Yonah--1. (mountain) see Gadalu'lu. 2. An abbreviated treaty form for the name of the chief Yân-e'gwa. Yonahequah--see Yân-e'gwa. Ytaua, Ytava--see I'tawa'. Yu!--an unmeaning song refrain and interjection. Yuha'li--Euharlee creek, of lower Etowah river, in Bartow county, Georgia. The name is said by the Cherokee to be a corruption of Yufala (Eufaula), a well-known Creek local name. See number 105. yûnsû'--buffalo; cf. Creek yena'sa, Choctaw yanash, Hichitee ya'nasi. Yûnsâ'i--"Buffalo place"; West Buffalo creek of Cheowa river in Graham county, North Carolina; the site of a former Cherokee settlement. See number 122. yu'we-yuwehe'--an unmeaning song refrain. See number 118. yûñ'wi--person, man; cf. Mohawk oñgwe`. Yûñ'wi Ama'yine'hi--"Water-dwelling People," from yûñ'wi, person, and ama'yine'hi, plural of amaye'hi, q. v.; a race of water fairies. See number 78. Yûñ'wi-dikatâgûñ'yi--see Yûñ'wi-tsulenûñ'yi. Yûñ'wi Gûnahi'ta--"Long Man"; a formulistic name for the river, personified as a man with his head resting on the mountain and his feet stretching down to the lowlands, who is constantly speaking to those who can understand the message. Yûñ'wini'giski--"Man-eaters," literally, "They eat people" (habitually), from yûñ'wi, person, man, and uni'giski, "they eat" (habitually), from tsikiû', "I am eating"; the Cherokee name for a distant cannibal tribe, possibly the Atakapa or the Tonkawa. See number 105. Cf. Anada'dûñtaski. Yûñ'wi-tsulenûñ'yi--"Where the man stood," originally Yûñ'wi-dikatâgûñ'yi, "Where the man stands," from yûñ'wi, person, man, tsitâ'ga, "I am standing," and yi, locative; Standing Indian, a high bald mountain at the head of Nantahala river, in Macon county, North Carolina. See number 122. Yûñ'wi Tsunsdi'--"Little People," from yûñ'wi, person, people, and tsunsdi'ga or tsunsdi', plural of usdi'ga, or usdi', little; the Cherokee fairies. See number 78. Yûñ'wi Usdi'--"Little Man." A formulistic name for the ginseng, â'tali-gûli', q. v. Yûñ'wi-usga'se`ti--"Dangerous Man, Terrible Man"; a traditional leader in the westward migration of the Cherokee. See page 99. Yûñ'wiya'--"Indian," literally, "principal or real person," from yûñ'wi, person and ya, a suffix denoting principal or real. See pages 15 and 181. FOOTNOTES [1] See the notes to the historical sketch. [2] Barton, Benj. S., New Views on the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, p. xlv, passim; Phila., 1797; Gallatin, Albert, Synopsis of Indian Tribes, Trans. American Antiquarian Society, ii, p. 91; Cambridge, 1836; Hewitt, J. N. B., The Cherokee an Iroquoian Language, Washington, 1887 (MS in the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology). [3] Heckewelder, John, Indian Nations of Pennsylvania, pp. 47-49, ed. 1876. [4] Brinton, D. G., Walam Olum, p. 231; Phila., 1885. [5] Schoolcraft, H. R., Notes on the Iroquois, p. 162; Albany, 1847. [6] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 47, ed. 1876. [7] Haywood, John, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 225-226; Nashville, 1823. [8] Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, pp. 136-137; ed. Boston, 1802. [9] Schoolcraft, Notes on the Iroquois, p. 163, 1847. [10] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 233, 236, 269, 1823. [11] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 226, 234, 1823. [12] Bartram, Wm., Travels, p. 365; reprint, London, 1792. [13] Haywood, op. cit., pp. 234-237. [14] Barton, New Views, p. xliv, 1797. [15] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 166, 234-235, 287-289, 1823. [16] See story, "The Great Leech of Tlanusi'yi," p. 328. [17] Garcilaso de la Vega, La Florida del Inca, pp. 129, 133-134; Madrid, 1723. [18] Gentleman of Elvas, Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ix, pp. 52, 58, 64; London, 1851. [19] Ibid., p. 60. [20] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 136, ed. 1723. [21] Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia General y Natural de las Indias, i, p. 562; Madrid, 1851. [22] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p.137, 1723. [23] See note 8, De Soto's route. [24] Ranjel, op. cit., I, p. 562. [25] Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 61, 1851. [26] Garcilaso, op. cit., p. 139. [27] Ranjel, in Oviedo, Historia, I, p. 563, 1861. [28] Elvas, Biedma, and Ranjel all make special reference to the dogs given them at this place; they seem to have been of the same small breed ("perrillos") which Ranjel says the Indians used for food. [29] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 139, 1723. [30] See note 8, De Soto's route. [31] See Elvas, Hakluyt Society, ix, p. 61, 1851; and Ranjel, op. cit., p. 563. [32] See note 8, De Soto's route. [33] Elvas, op. cit., p.64. [34] Elvas, Hakluyt Society, IX, p. 66, 1851. [35] Garcilaso, La Florida del Inca, p. 141, ed. 1723. [36] Shea, J. G., in Winsor, Justin, Narrative and Critical History of America, II, pp. 260, 278; Boston, 1886. [37] Narrative of Pardo's expedition by Martinez, about 1568, Brooks manuscripts. [38] Vandera narrative, 1569, in French, B. F., Hist. Colls. of La., new series, pp. 289-292; New York, 1875. [39] Shea, J. G., Catholic Missions, p. 72; New York, 1855. [40] See Brooks manuscripts, in the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnology. [41] Burk, John, History of Virginia, II, pp. 104-107; Petersburg, 1805. [42] Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals of Tennessee, p. 37; Charleston, 1853 (quoting Martin, North Carolina, I, p. 115, 1853). [43] Lederer, John, Discoveries, pp. 15, 26, 27, 29, 33, and map; reprint, Charleston, 1891; Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (Bulletin of Bureau of Ethnology), pp. 53-54,1894. [44] Mooney, op. cit., pp. 34-35. [45] Document of 1699, quoted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 209; Charleston, 1857. [46] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, p. 233, 1823. [47] Noted in Cherokee Advocate, Tahlequah, Indian Territory, January 30, 1845. [48] Document of 1691, South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 126. [49] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 127, 1778. [50] Documents of 1705, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 904; Raleigh, 1886. [51] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Tenn., p. 237, 1823; with the usual idea that Indians live to extreme old age, Haywood makes her 110 years old at her death, putting back the introduction of firearms to 1677. [52] Letter of 1708, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 238, 1856. [53] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 140, 1888; Hewat, op. cit., p. 216 et passim. [54] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, p. 216 et passim, 1778. [55] See Journal of Colonel George Chicken, 1715-16, with notes, in Charleston Yearbook, pp. 313-354, 1894. [56] Journal of South Carolina Assembly, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, pp. 225-227, 1886. [57] For notice, see the glossary. [58] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, I, pp. 297-298, 1778; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 144 and map, 1888. [59] Royce, op. cit., p. 142. [60] Document of 1724, in Fernow, Berthold, Ohio Valley in Colonial Days, pp. 273-275; Albany, 1890. [61] Report of Board of Trade, 1721, in North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 422, 1886. [62] Adair, James, American Indians, p. 227; London, 1775. [63] Board of Trade report, 1721, North Carolina Colonial Records, II, p. 422, 1886. [64] Pickett, H. A., History of Alabama, pp. 234, 280, 288; reprint, Sheffield, 1896. [65] For notice, see the glossary. [66] Hewat, South Carolina and Georgia, II, pp. 3-11, 1779; treaty documents of 1730, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 128-133, 1886; Jenkinson, Collection of Treaties, II, pp. 315-318; Drake, S.G., Early History of Georgia: Cuming's Embassy; Boston, 1872; letter of Governor Johnson, December 27, 1730, noted in South Carolina Hist. Soc. Colls., I, p. 246, 1867. [67] Documents of 1731 and 1732, North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369, 393, 1886. [68] Adair, American Indians, pp. 232-234, 1775. [69] Meadows(?), State of the Province of Georgia, p. 7, 1742, in Force Tracts, I, 1836. [70] Jones, C.C., History of Georgia, I, pp.327, 328; Boston, 1883. [71] Adair, American Indians, pp. 240-243, 1775; Stevens, W. B., History of Georgia, I, pp. 104-107; Phila., 1847. [72] Anonymous writer in Carroll, Hist. Colls. of South Carolina, II, pp. 97-98, 517, 1836. [73] Buckle, Journal, 1757, in Rivers, South Carolina, p. 57, 1856. [74] Barcia, A.G., Ensayo Chronologico para la Historia General de la Florida, pp. 335, 336. Madrid, 1723. [75] For more in regard to these intertribal wars see the historical traditions. [76] Walker, Thomas, Journal of an Exploration, etc., pp. 8, 35-37; Boston, 1888; Monette (Valley of the Miss. I, p. 317; New York, 1848) erroneously makes the second date 1758. [77] Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1755, in North Carolina Colonial Records, V, pp. 320, 321, 1887. [78] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 50-52, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888. [79] Timberlake, Henry, Memoirs, pp. 73, 74; London, 1765. [80] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 51, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Kept. Bur. of Ethnology, p. 145, 1888. [81] For notice see Ata'-gûl'`kalû', in the glossary. [82] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 50. [83] Letters of Major Andrew Lewis and Governor Dinwiddie, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial Records V, pp. 585, 612-614, 635, 637, 1887; Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 51, 52. [84] Letter of Governor Dobbs, 1756, in North Carolina Colonial Records, V, p. 604, 1887. [85] Dinwiddie letter, 1757, ibid., p. 765. [86] Adair, American Indians, 245-246, 1775; North Carolina Colonial Records, V, p. xlviii, 1887; Hewat, quoted in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 54, 1853. [87] For notices see the glossary. [88] Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 65, 1765. [89] Catawba reference from Milligan, 1763, in Carroll, South Carolina Historical Collections, II, p. 519, 1836. [90] Figures from Adair, American Indians, p. 227, 1775. When not otherwise noted this sketch of the Cherokee war of 1760-61 is compiled chiefly from the contemporary dispatches in the Gentleman's Magazine, supplemented from Hewat's Historical account of South Carolina and Georgia, 1778; with additional details from Adair, American Indians; Ramsey, Tennessee; Royce, Cherokee Nation; North Carolina Colonial Records, v, documents and introduction; etc. [91] Timberlake, Memoirs, p. 9 et passim, 1765. [92] Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 26-29, 1859. [93] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 65-70, 1853. [94] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Ethnology, pp. 146-149, 1888. [95] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 149; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 71, 1853. [96] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 93-122; Royce, op. cit. pp. 146-149. [97] Ramsey, op. cit., pp, 109-122; Royce, op. cit. p. 146 et passim. [98] Bartram, Travels, pp. 366-372, 1792. [99] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 143-150, 1853; Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, pp. 400, 401, 431, 432, and II, pp. 33, 34, 1846; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 276-281, and II, pp. 1-6, 1889. [100] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 143. [101] Quoted from Stedman, in Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162. [102] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 162. [103] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 150-159, 1853. [104] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 293-297, 1889. [105] See no. 110, "Incidents of Personal Heroism." For Rutherford's expedition, see Moore, Rutherford's Expedition, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, ibid., May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 294-302, 1889, etc. [106] For Williamson's expedition, see Ross Journal, with Rockwell's notes, in Historical Magazine, October, 1876; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, in North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246 et passim, 1883; Ramsey, Tennessee, 163-164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 296-303, 1889. [107] Jones, op. cit., p. 246; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 163; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 295. [108] For the Virginia-Tennessee expedition see Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 303-305, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 165-170, 1853. [109] Ross Journal, in Historical Magazine, October, 1867. [110] Swain, Sketch of the Indian War of 1776, in Historical Magazine, November, 1867. [111] Moore's narrative, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888. [112] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 285, 290, 303, 1889. [113] About five hundred sought refuge with Stuart, the British Indian superintendent in Florida, where they were fed for some time at the expense of the British government (Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246, 1883). [114] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 150 and map, 1888; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 172-174, 1853; Stevens, Georgia, II, p. 144, 1859; Roosevelt, "Winning of the West, I, p. 306, 1889. [115] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 171-177, 185-186, 610 et passim; Royce, op. cit., p. 150; Campbell letter, 1782, and other documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 271, 571, 599, 1883, and IV, pp. 118, 286, 1884; Blount letter, January 14, 1793, American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I, p. 431, 1832. Campbell says they abandoned their first location on account of the invasion from Tennessee. Governor Blount says they left on account of witches. [116] Hawkins, manuscript journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical Society. [117] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 174-178, 1853. [118] Campbell letter, 1782, Virginia State Papers, III, p. 271, 1883. [119] Ramsey, op. cit, pp. 186-188; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 236-238, 1889. Ramsey's statements, chiefly on Haywood's authority, of the strength of the expedition, the number of warriors killed, etc., are so evidently overdrawn that they are here omitted. [120] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 827, reprint of 1876. [121] Donelson's Journal, etc., in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 197-208, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 324-340, 1889. [122] Ibid., II, p. 337. [123] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 241-294, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 208-249, 1853. [124] Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 256. [125] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 298-300, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 261-264, 1853. There is great discrepancy in the various accounts of this fight, from the attempts of interested historians to magnify the size of the victory. One writer gives the Indians 1,000 warriors. Here, as elsewhere, Roosevelt is a more reliable guide, his statements being usually from official documents. [126] Roosevelt, op. cit., pp. 300-304; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 265-268; Campbell, report, January 15, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 436. Haywood and others after him make the expedition go as far as Chickamauga and Coosa river, but Campbell's report expressly denies this. [127] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 266. [128] Roosevelt, op. cit, p. 302. [129] Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 602, 1875; Martin, letter, March 31, 1781, ibid., p. 613; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 268, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 305-307, 1889. [130] Campbell, letter, March 28, 1781, in Virginia State Papers, I, p. 602, 1875. [131] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 269. [132] Ibid.; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 307. [133] Ibid.; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 267, 268. The latter authority seems to make it 1782, which is evidently a mistake. [134] Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 282-285, 1859; Jones, Georgia, II, p. 503, 1883. [135] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 811, 1889. [136] Old Tassel's talk, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 271, 1853, and in Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 315. [137] Ramsey, op. cit., p. 272; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 317 et passim. [138] Stevens, op. cit., pp. 411-415. [139] Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 151, 1888. [140] See documents in Virginia State Papers, III, pp. 234, 398, 527, 1883. [141] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 280, 1853. [142] Ibid., p. 276. [143] See Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 151, 152; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 299 et passim. [144] Indian Treaties, p. 8 et passim, 1837. For a full discussion of the Hopewell treaty, from official documents, see Royce, Cherokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 152-158, 1888, with map; Treaty Journal, etc., American State Papers; Indian Affairs, I, pp. 38-44, 1832; also Stevens, Georgia, II, pp. 417-429, 1859; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 336, 337, 1853; see also the map accompanying this work. [145] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 459-461; Agent Martin and Hopewell commissioners, ibid., pp. 318-336; Bledsoe and Robertson letter, ibid., p. 465; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, p. 368, 1899. [146] Roosevelt, Winning of the West, ii, p. 353, 1889. [147] Ibid., p. 355, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 452-454, 1853. [148] Ibid., pp. 358-366, 1889. [149] Ibid., p. 341, 1853. [150] Martin letter of May 11, 1786, ibid., p. 342. [151] Reports of Tennessee commissioners and replies by Cherokee chiefs, etc., 1786, in Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 343-346, 1853. [152] Martin (?) letter of March 25, 1787, ibid., p. 359. [153] Ibid., p. 370. [154] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 393-399, 1853. [155] Ibid., pp. 417-423, 1853. [156] Ibid., pp. 517-519, and Brown's narrative, ibid., p. 515. [157] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 515, 519. [158] Brown's narrative, etc., ibid., pp. 508-516. [159] Ibid., pp. 459, 489. [160] Bledsoe and Robertson letter of June 12, 1787, in Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 465, 1853. [161] Ibid., with Robertson letter, pp. 465-476. [162] Ibid., pp. 479-486. [163] Monette, Valley of the Mississippi, I, p. 505, 1846. [164] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 522, 541, 561, 1853. [165] Washington to the Senate, August 11, 1790, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 83, 1832. [166] Secretary Knox to President Washington, July 7, 1789, ibid., p. 53. [167] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 550, 551. [168] Indian Treaties, pp. 34-38, 1837; Secretary of War, report, January 5, 1798, in American State Papers, I, pp. 628-631, 1832; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 554-560, 1853; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 158-170, with full discussion and map, 1888. [169] Indian Treaties, pp. 37, 38, 1837. [170] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 557, 1853. [171] Abel deposition, April 16, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 274, 1832. [172] Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Instructions to Leonard Shaw, temporary agent to the Cherokee Nation of Indians, February 17, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, 247, 1832; also Knox, letters to Governor Blount, January 31 and February 16, 1792, ibid., pp. 245, 246. [173] Estanaula conference report, June 26, 1792, ibid., p. 271; Deraque, deposition, September 15, 1792, ibid., p. 292; Pickens, letter, September 12, 1792, ibid., p. 317. [174] See letters of Shaw, Casey, Pickens, and Blount, 1792-93, ibid., pp. 277, 278, 317, 436, 437, 440. [175] Knox, instructions to Shaw, February 17, 1792, ibid., p. 247; Blount, letter, March 20, 1792, ibid., p. 263; Knox, letters, October 9, 1792, ibid., pp. 261, 262. [176] Governor Telfair's letters of November 14 and December 5, with inclosure, 1792, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 332, 336, 337, 1832. [177] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562-663, 598, 1853. [178] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 562-565, 1853. [179] Blount, letter, October 2, 1792, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 294, 1832; Blount, letter, etc., in Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 566, 567, 599-601; see also Brown's narrative, ibid., 511, 512; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 170, 1888. [180] Ramsey, op. cit., 569-571. [181] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 571-573, 1853. [182] Ibid., pp. 574-578, 1853. [183] Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 579. [184] Ibid., pp. 580-583, 1853; Smith, letter, September 27, 1793, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, p. 468, 1832. Ramsey gives the Indian force 1,000 warriors; Smith says that in many places they marched in files of 28 abreast, each file being supposed to number 40 men. [185] Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 584-588. [186] Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 590, 602-605, 1853. [187] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, pp. 300-302; Knoxville, 1823. [188] Ibid., pp. 303-308, 1823; Ramsey, op. cit., pp. 591-594. Haywood's history of this period is little more than a continuous record of killings and petty encounters. [189] Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee, p. 308, 1823; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 594, 1853; see also memorial in Putnam, Middle Tennessee, p. 502, 1859. Haywood calls the leader Unacala, which should be Une'ga-dihi', "White-man-killer." Compare Haywood's statement with that of Washburn, on page 100. [190] Indian Treaties, pp. 39, 40, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 171, 172, 1888; Documents of 1797-98, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, I, pp. 628-631,