Myths of the Cherokee by James Mooney

by the Nation, in 1850, begins with the year 1808. [282] Personal information from James D. Wafford. So far as is known this rebellion of the conservatives has never hitherto been noted in print. [283] See Resolutions of Honor, in Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 187-140, 1868; Meredith, in The Five Civilized Tribes, Extra Census Bulletin, p. 41, 1894; Appleton, Cyclopedia of American Biography. [284] See fourth article of "Articles of agreement and cession," April 24, 1802, in American State Papers: class VIII, Public Lands, I, quoted also by Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 103, 1864. [285] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 231-233, 1888. [286] Cherokee correspondence, 1823 and 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 468-473, 1834; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 236-237, 1888. [287] Cherokee memorial, February 11, 1824, in American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 473, 494, 1834; Royce, op. cit., p. 237. [288] Letters of Governor Troup of Georgia, February 28, 1824, and of Georgia delegates, March 10, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 475, 477, 1834; Royce, op. cit., pp. 237, 238. [289] Monroe, message to the Senate, with Calhoun's report, March 30, 1824, American State Papers: Indian Affairs, II, pp. 460, 462, 1834. [290] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 241, 242, 1888. [291] Personal information from J. D. Wafford. [292] Nitze, H. B. C., in Twentieth Annual Report United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899. [293] See Butler letter, quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 297, 1888; see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives on May 31, 1838, pp. 16-17, 32-33, 1839. [294] For extracts and synopses of these acts see Royce, op. cit., pp. 259-264; Drake, Indians, pp. 438-456, 1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, pp. 105, 106, 1864; Edward Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, February 14, 1831 (lottery law). The gold lottery is also noted incidentally by Lanman, Charles, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 10; New York, 1849, and by Nitze, in his report on the Georgia gold fields, in the Twentieth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, part 6 (Mineral Resources), p. 112, 1899. The author has himself seen in a mountain village in Georgia an old book titled "The Cherokee Land and Gold Lottery," containing maps and plats covering the whole Cherokee country of Georgia, with each lot numbered, and descriptions of the water courses, soil, and supposed mineral veins. [295] Speech of May 19, 1830, Washington; printed by Gales & Seaton, 1830. [296] Speech in the Senate of the United States, April 16, 1830; Washington, Peter Force, printer, 1830. [297] See Cherokee Memorial to Congress, January 18, 1831. [298] Personal information from Prof. Clinton Duncan, of Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, whose father's house was the one thus burned. [299] Cherokee Memorial to Congress January 18, 1831. [300] Ibid.; see also speech of Edward Everett in House of Representatives February 14, 1831; report of the select committee of the senate of Massachusetts upon the Georgia resolutions, Boston, 1831; Greeley, American Conflict, I, p. 106, 1864; Abbott, Cherokee Indians in Georgia; Atlanta Constitution, October 27, 1889. [301] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 261, 262, 1888. [302] Ibid., p. 262. [303] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 264-266, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 454-457,1880; Greeley, American Conflict, I, 106, 1864. [304] Drake, Indians, p. 458, 1880. [305] Royce, op. cit., pp. 262-264, 272, 273. [306] Ibid., pp.274, 275. [307] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Report Bureau of Ethnology, p. 276, 1888. [308] Commissioner Elbert Herring, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 240, 1834; author's personal information from Major R. C. Jackson and J. D. Wafford. [309] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 278-280, 1888; Everett speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, pp. 28, 29, 1839, in which the Secretary's reply is given in full. [310] Royce, op. cit., pp. 280-281. [311] Ibid., p. 281. [312] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. (Ross arrest), p. 281; Drake, Indians (Ross, Payne, Phoenix), p. 459, 1880; see also Everett speech of May 31, 1838, op. cit. [313] Royce, op. cit., pp. 281, 282; see also Everett speech, 1838. [314] See Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, p. 142. [315] See New Echota treaty, 1835, and Fort Gibson treaty, 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 633-648 and 561-565, 1837; also, for full discussion of both treaties, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249-298. For a summary of all the measures of pressure brought to bear upon the Cherokee up to the final removal see also Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; the chapters on "Expatriation of the Cherokees," Drake, Indians, 1880; and the chapter on "State Rights--Nullification," in Greeley, American Conflict, I, 1864. The Georgia side of the controversy is presented in E. J. Harden's Life of (Governor) George M. Troup, 1849. [316] Royce, op. cit., p. 289. The Indian total is also given in the Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. 369, 1836. [317] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 283, 284; Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 285, 286, 1836. [318] Quoted by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 284-285; quoted also, with some verbal differences, by Everett, speech in House of Representatives on May 31, 1838. [319] Quoted in Royce, op. cit., p. 286. [320] Letter of General Wool, September 10, 1836, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838. [321] Letter of June 30, 1836, to President Jackson, in Everett, speech in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838. [322] Quoted by Everett, ibid.; also by Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 286. [323] Letter of J. M. Mason, jr., to Secretary of War, September 25, 1837, in Everett, speech in House of Representatives, May 31, 1838; also quoted in extract by Royce, op. cit., pp. 286-287. [324] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit. pp. 287, 289. [325] Ibid., pp. 289, 290. [326] Ibid., p. 291. The statement of the total number of troops employed is from the speech of Everett in the House of Representatives, May 31, 1838, covering the whole question of the treaty. [327] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 291. [328] Ibid, p. 291. [329] The notes on the Cherokee round-up and Removal are almost entirely from author's information as furnished by actors in the events, both Cherokee and white, among whom may be named the late Colonel W. H. Thomas; the late Colonel Z. A. Zile, of Atlanta, of the Georgia volunteers; the late James Bryson, of Dillsboro, North Carolina, also a volunteer; James D. Wafford, of the western Cherokee Nation, who commanded one of the emigrant detachments; and old Indians, both east and west, who remembered the Removal and had heard the story from their parents. Charley's story is a matter of common note among the East Cherokee, and was heard in full detail from Colonel Thomas and from Wasitûna ("Washington"), Charley's youngest son, who alone was spared by General Scott on account of his youth. The incident is also noted, with some slight inaccuracies, in Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains. See p. 157. [330] Author's personal information, as before cited. [331] As quoted in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 292, 1888, the disbursing agent makes the number unaccounted for 1,428; the receiving agent, who took charge of them on their arrival, makes it 1,645. [332] Agent Stokes to Secretary of War, June 24, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 355, 1839; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 293, 1888; Drake, Indians, pp. 459-460, 1880; author's personal information. The agent's report incorrectly makes the killings occur on three different days. [333] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., pp. 294, 295. [334] Council resolutions, August 23, 1839, in Report Indian Commissioner, p. 387, 1839; Royce, op. cit., p. 294. [335] See "Act of Union" and "Constitution" in Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, 1875; General Arbuckle's letter to the Secretary of War, June 28, 1840, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 46, 1840; also Royce, op. cit., pp. 294, 295. [336] See ante, pp. 105-106; Nuttall, who was on the ground, gives them only 1,500. [337] Washburn, Cephas, Reminiscences of the Indians, pp. 81, 103; Richmond, 1869. [338] Nuttall, Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory, etc., p. 129; Philadelphia, 1821. [339] Ibid., pp. 123-136. The battle mentioned seems to be the same noted somewhat differently by Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 120; 1869. [340] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 222. [341] Washburn, op. cit., p. 160, and personal information from J. D. Wafford. [342] Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112-122 et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog, in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes, I and II, 1858. [343] Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206. [344] Ibid, p. 138. [345] See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837. [346] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 243, 244, 1888. [347] Ibid, p. 243. [348] Author's personal information; see p. 143. [349] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245. [350] Ibid., pp. 247, 248. [351] Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423-428, 1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561-565; see also for synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 229, 230, 1888. [352] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 248, 1888. [353] For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall, I, pp. 251-260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians, II, pp. 121, 122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869). [354] Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561-569, 1837. [355] Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561-565, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249-253, 1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123-125. [356] Author's personal information. In 1891 the author opened two Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah, finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington. [357] Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin, 1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876. [358] Author's personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued, but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas "confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in 1822" with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States and Texas, II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page. [359] Thrall, op. cit., p. 58. [360] Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879. [361] Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840. [362] Ibid., p. 143, 1840. [363] Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144. [364] Ibid., pp. 144, 146. [365] Thrall, Texas, pp. 116-168, 1876. [366] Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146-150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118-120. [367] Author's personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by Texas. See ante, p. 143. [368] Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876. [369] Author's personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources. [370] W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper's Magazine, September, 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and March 6, 1845; author's personal information. San Fernando seems to have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps. [371] For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298-312. [372] Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888. [373] See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit., pp. 324-328; Greeley, American Conflict, II, pp. 30-34, 1866; Reports of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862. [374] In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000 to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee, under command of General Albert Pike. [375] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 329, 330, 1888. [376] Ibid, p. 331. [377] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376. [378] Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid., p. 351). [379] See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334-340. [380] Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868. [381] See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137-140. [382] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 356-358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 277-284; St. Louis, 1875. [383] Royce, op. cit., p. 367. [384] Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, 1888, articles "Cherokee Advocate" and "John B. Jones." The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the arithmetic--cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools explained to the author, "too much white man." [385] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175. [386] Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883. [387] Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887. [388] Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93, 1890. [389] Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889. [390] See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii-lxxiii, 421-422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information. [391] Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 79-80, 1892. [392] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 33-34, 1893. [393] Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, p. 27, 1895. [394] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141. [395] Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570. [396] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145. [397] Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 155, 1896. [398] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 81, 1896. [399] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896. [400] Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary establishment. [401] Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162. [402] Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896. [403] Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75-79, and Curtis act in full, p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899. [404] Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act and Dawes commission). [405] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141-144, 1897. [406] Author's personal information; see also House bill No. 1165 "for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory," etc., Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900. [407] Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 159, 1898. [408] See page 131. [409] Charley's story as here given is from the author's personal information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and with Wasitû'na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate account is given also in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, written on the ground ten years after the events described. The leading facts are noted in General Scott's official dispatches. [410] See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633-648, 1837; also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888. [411] Royce, op. cit., p. 292. [412] Ibid., p. 314. [413] In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ'hi, "Bird place," Ani'-Wâ'dihi, "Paint place," Wa`yâ'hi, "Wolf place," E'lawâ'di, "Red earth" (now Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlanûñ'yi, "Raven place." There was also, for a time, a "Pretty-woman town" (Ani'-Gilâ'hi?). [414] The facts concerning Colonel Thomas's career are derived chiefly from the author's conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell, and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery, his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup's Heart of the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah--now unfortunately mislaid--show his interest in Cherokee linguistics. [415] The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author's personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed at length in Lanman's Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848, and in Zeigler and Grosscup's Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day, is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole 1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body! [416] The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua (1805), and Yonah, (1819).--Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268; Washington, 1837. [417] The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning position. [418] Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636, 1896. [419] The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author's information obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee informants. [420] Author's information from Colonel Thomas. [421] Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 333, 1839. [422] Author's information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1849, p. 14, 1850. [423] Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300-313, 1888; see also ante, p. 148. [424] Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94-95, 1849. [425] Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111. [426] See act quoted in "The United States of America v. William H, Thomas et al."; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms "North Carolina Cherokee" and "Eastern Cherokee" are used synonymously, as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina. [427] See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313-314; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner for 1855, p. 255, 1856. [428] Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note. [429] Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459-460, 1845. [430] Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842. [431] Royce, op. cit., p. 314. [432] The history of the events leading to the organization of the "Thomas Legion" is chiefly from the author's conversations with Colonel Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In the words of Thomas, "If it had not been for the Indians I would not have been in the war." [433] This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell, assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment; which included two other Indian companies. The information therein contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement is given in Mrs Avery's sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1899. [434] Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other details from Moore's (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops, IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington, in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892. [435] Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives). [436] Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892. [437] Author's information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred, but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more reliable. [438] Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 314, 1888. [439] Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 26, 1872. [440] Royce, op. cit., p. 353. [441] Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18-20, 1892; author's personal information. [442] See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians against W. T. Thomas et al. H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess., 1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 315-318, 1888. [443] See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315-318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement, under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894. [444] Royce, op. cit., pp. 315-318; Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, 1892. [445] Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 343-344, 1875; and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 118-119, 1876. [446] Author's personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 35-36, 1883. [447] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxx, 1882; see also ante, p. 151. [448] See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141-145, 1892; author's personal information from B. C. Hobbs, Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426-427, 1897. [449] Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36-42, 1883. [450] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxx, 1882. [451] Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884. [452] Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also "Indian legislation," ibid., p. 214; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi, 1883. [453] Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxx, 1885. [454] Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887. [455] Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii. [456] See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I, pp. 680-681, 1891. [457] From author's personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38-39, 1883; Agent J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142, 1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882. [458] Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, pp. 81-82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398. [459] Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 387, 1896. [460] Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897. [461] Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218-219, 1898. [462] At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred by the local polling officers from either registering or voting, and the matter is now being contested. [463] American Anthropologist, vol. XI, July, 1898. [464] See page 20. [465] Adair, American Indians, p. 81, 1775. [466] Lawson, Carolina, 67-68, reprint 1860. [467] Harris, J. C., Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings, p. 29; New York, 1886. [468] For a presentation of the African and European argument see Harris, Nights with Uncle Remus, introduction, 1883; and Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings, introduction, 1886; Gerber, Uncle Remus Traced to the Old World, in Journal of American Folklore, VI, p. 23, October, 1893. In regard to tribal dissemination of myths see Boas, Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America, in Journal of American Folklore, IV, p. 12, January, 1891; The Growth of Indian Mythologies, in the same journal, IX, p. 32, January 1896; Northern Elements in the Mythology of the Navaho, in American Anthropologist, X, p. 11, November, 1897; introduction to Teit's Traditions of the Thompson River Indians, 1898. Dr Boas has probably devoted more study to the subject than any other anthropologist, and his personal observations include tribes from the Arctic regions to the Columbia. [469] See contemporary notice in the Historical Sketch. [470] See "The Daughter of the Sun." [471] See the next story. [472] "The Onondagas retain the custody of the wampums of the Five Nations, and the keeper of the wampums, Thomas Webster, of the Snipe tribe, a consistent, thorough pagan, is their interpreter. Notwithstanding the claims made that the wampums can be read as a governing code of law, it is evident that they are simply monumental reminders of preserved traditions, without any literal details whatever. "The first [of this] group from left to right, represents a convention of the Six Nations at the adoption of the Tuscaroras into the league; the second, the Five Nations, upon seven strands, illustrates a treaty with seven Canadian tribes before the year 1600; the third signifies the guarded approach of strangers to the councils of the Five Nations (a guarded gate, with a long, white path leading to the inner gate, where the Five Nations are grouped, with the Onondagas in the center and a safe council house behind all); the fourth represents a treaty when but four of the Six Nations were represented, and the fifth embodies the pledge of seven Canadian christianized nations to abandon their crooked ways and keep an honest peace (having a cross for each tribe, and with a zigzag line below, to indicate that their ways had been crooked but would ever after be as sacred as the cross). Above this group is another, claiming to bear date about 1608, when Champlain joined the Algonquins against the Iroquois."--Carrington, in Six Nations of New York, Extra Bulletin, Eleventh Census, pp. 33-34, 1892. [473] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. of Tennessee, pp. 222-224, 1823. [474] Ibid, p. 241. [475] Ibid, p. 222. [476] Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, p. 160, 1847. [477] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, p. 88, reprint of 1876. [478] Brinton, Lenape and Their Legends, p. 130 et passim, 1885; Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, pp. 147, 305 et passim, 1847; Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 47-50, ed. 1876. [479] Heckewelder, op. cit., p. 54. [480] Loskiel, History of the [Moravian] Mission, pp. 124-127; London, 1794. [481] Heckewelder, Indian Nations, pp. 88-89, 1876. [482] See Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. of Tennessee, pp. 220, 224, 237, 1823. [483] North Carolina Colonial Records, III, pp. 153, 202, 345, 369, 393, 1886. [484] Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), pp. 56, 61, 1894. [485] Catawba MS from South Carolina official archives. Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, III, pp. 293-4, 1853. [486] Ibid., p. 294, 1853. [487] Royce, The Cherokee Nation of Indians, in Fifth Report of Bureau of Ethnology. pp. 205-208, 266-272, 1887; also (for 1783) Bartram, Travels, p. 483, 1792. [488] Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tenn., p. 241, 1823. Bullhead may be intended for Doublehead, an old Cherokee name. [489] Mooney, The Cherokee Ball Play, in The American Anthropologist, III, p. 107, April, 1890. [490] Bartram, Travels, p. 518, 1791. [491] Adair, History of American Indians, pp. 227, 247, 252-256, 270, 276-279, 1775. [492] Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, pp. 81, 84, 1853. [493] Mooney, Siouan Tribes of the East (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 83, 1894. [494] Bienville, quoted in Gayarré, Louisiana. [495] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, pp. 105-107, 1823. For a sketch of the Natchez war and the subsequent history of the scattered fragments of the tribe, see the author's paper, The End of the Natchez, in the American Anthropologist for July, 1899. [496] Adair, History of American Indians, p. 257, 1775. The other statements concerning the Taskigi among the Creeks are taken from Gatschet's valuable study, A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians, I, pp. 122, 145, 228, 1884. [497] Haywood, Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee, p. 24,