A History of Magic and Experimental Science, Volume 1 (of 2) by Lynn Thorndike

INDICES: General 985 Bibliographical 1007 Manuscripts 1027 PREFACE This work has been long in preparation—ever since in 1902-1903 Professor James Harvey Robinson, when my mind was still in the making, suggested the study of magic in medieval universities as the subject of my thesis for the master’s degree at Columbia University—and has been foreshadowed by other publications, some of which are listed under my name in the preliminary bibliography. Since this was set up in type there have also appeared: “Galen: the Man and His Times,” in _The Scientific Monthly_, January, 1922; “Early Christianity and Natural Science,” in _The Biblical Review_, July, 1922; “The Latin Pseudo-Aristotle and Medieval Occult Science,” in _The Journal of English and Germanic Philology_, April, 1922; and notes on Daniel of Morley and Gundissalinus in _The English Historical Review_. For permission to make use of these previous publications in the present work I am indebted to the editors of the periodicals just mentioned, and also to the editors of _The Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law_, _The American Historical Review_, _Classical Philology_, _The Monist_, _Nature_, _The Philosophical Review_, and _Science_. The form, however, of these previous publications has often been altered in embodying them in this book, and, taken together, they constitute but a fraction of it. Book I greatly amplifies the account of magic in the Roman Empire contained in my doctoral dissertation. Over ten years ago I prepared an account of magic and science in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries based on material available in print in libraries of this country and arranged topically, but I did not publish it, as it seemed advisable to supplement it by study abroad and of the manuscript material, and to adopt an arrangement by authors. The result is Books IV and V of the present work. My examination of manuscripts has been done especially at the British Museum, whose rich collections, perhaps because somewhat inaccessibly catalogued, have been less used by students of medieval learning than such libraries as the Bodleian and Bibliothèque Nationale. I have worked also, however, at both Oxford and Paris, at Munich, Florence, Bologna, and elsewhere; but it has of course been impossible to examine all the thousands of manuscripts bearing upon the subject, and the war prevented me from visiting some libraries, such as the important medieval collection of Amplonius at Erfurt. However, a fairly wide survey of the catalogues of collections of manuscripts has convinced me that I have read a representative selection. Such classified lists of medieval manuscripts as Mrs. Dorothea Singer has undertaken for the British Isles should greatly facilitate the future labors of investigators in this field. Although working in a rather new field, I have been aided by editions of medieval writers produced by modern scholarship, and by various series, books, and articles tending, at least, in the same direction as mine. Some such publications have appeared or come to my notice too late for use or even for mention in the text: for instance, another edition of the _De medicamentis_ of Marcellus Empiricus by M. Niedermann; the printing of the _Twelve Experiments with Snakeskin_ of John Paulinus by J. W. S. Johnsson in _Bull. d. l. société franç. d’hist. d. l. méd._, XII, 257-67; the detailed studies of Sante Ferrari on Peter of Abano; and A. Franz, _Die kirchlichen Benediktionen im Mittelalter_, 1909, 2 vols. The breeding place of the eel (to which I allude at I, 491) is now, as a result of recent investigation by Dr. J. Schmidt, placed “about 2500 miles from the mouth of the English Channel and 500 miles north-east of the Leeward Islands” (_Discovery_, Oct., 1922, p. 256) instead of in the Mediterranean. A man who once wrote in Dublin[1] complained of the difficulty of composing a learned work so far from the Bodleian and British Museum, and I have often felt the same way. When able to visit foreign collections or the largest libraries in this country, or when books have been sent for my use for a limited period, I have spent all the available time in the collection of material, which has been written up later as opportunity offered. Naturally one then finds many small and some important points which require verification or further investigation, but which must be postponed until one’s next vacation or trip abroad, by which time some of the smaller points are apt to be forgotten. Of such loose threads I fear that more remain than could be desired. And I have so often caught myself in the act of misinterpretation, misplaced emphasis, and other mistakes, that I have no doubt there are other errors as well as omissions which other scholars will be able to point out and which I trust they will. Despite this prospect, I have been bold in affirming my independent opinion on any point where I have one, even if it conflicts with that of specialists or puts me in the position of criticizing my betters. Constant questioning, criticism, new points of view, and conflict of opinion are essential in the pursuit of truth. After some hesitation I decided, because of the expense, the length of the work, and the increasing unfamiliarity of readers with Greek and Latin, as a rule not to give in the footnotes the original language of passages used in the text. I have, however, usually supplied the Latin or Greek when I have made a free translation or one with which I felt that others might not agree. But in such cases I advise critics not to reject my rendering utterly without some further examination of the context and line of thought of the author or treatise in question, since the wording of particular passages in texts and manuscripts is liable to be corrupt, and since my purpose in quoting particular passages is to illustrate the general attitude of the author or treatise. In describing manuscripts I have employed quotation marks when I knew from personal examination or otherwise that the Latin was that of the manuscript itself, and have omitted quotation marks where the Latin seemed rather to be that of the description in the catalogue. Usually I have let the faulty spelling and syntax of medieval copyists stand without comment. But as I am not an expert in palaeography and have examined a large number of manuscripts primarily for their substance, the reader should not regard my Latin quotations from them as exact transliterations or carefully considered texts. He should also remember that there is little uniformity in the manuscripts themselves. I have tried to reduce the bulk of the footnotes by the briefest forms of reference consistent with clearness—consult lists of abbreviations and of works frequently cited by author and date of publication—and by use of appendices at the close of certain chapters. Within the limits of a preface I may not enumerate all the libraries where I have been permitted to work or which have generously sent books—sometimes rare volumes—to Cleveland for my use, or all the librarians who have personally assisted my researches or courteously and carefully answered my written inquiries, or the other scholars who have aided or encouraged the preparation of this work, but I hope they may feel that their kindness has not been in vain. In library matters I have perhaps most frequently imposed upon the good nature of Mr. Frederic C. Erb of the Columbia University Library, Mr. Gordon W. Thayer, in charge of the John G. White collection in the Cleveland Public Library, and Mr. George F. Strong, librarian of Adelbert College, Western Reserve University; and I cannot forbear to mention the interest shown in my work by Dr. R. L. Poole at the Bodleian. For letters facilitating my studies abroad before the war or application for a passport immediately after the war I am indebted to the Hon. Philander C. Knox, then Secretary of State, to Frederick P. Keppel, then Assistant Secretary of War, to Drs. J. Franklin Jameson and Charles F. Thwing, and to Professors Henry E. Bourne and Henry Crew. Professors C. H. Haskins,[2] L. C. Karpinski, W. G. Leutner, W. A. Locy, D. B. Macdonald, L. J. Paetow, S. B. Platner, E. C. Richardson, James Harvey Robinson, David Eugene Smith, D’Arcy W. Thompson, A. H. Thorndike, E. L. Thorndike, T. Wingate Todd, and Hutton Webster, and Drs. Charles Singer and Se Boyar have kindly read various chapters in manuscript or proof and offered helpful suggestions. The burden of proof-reading has been generously shared with me by Professors B. P. Bourland, C. D. Lamberton, and Walter Libby, and especially by Professor Harold North Fowler who has corrected proof for practically the entire work. After receiving such expert aid and sound counsel I must assume all the deeper guilt for such faults and indiscretions as the book may display. ABBREVIATIONS Abhandl. Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, begründet von M. Cantor, Teubner, Leipzig. Addit. Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum. Amplon. Manuscript collection of Amplonius Ratinck at Erfurt. AN Ante-Nicene Fathers, American Reprint of the Edinburgh edition, in 9 vols., 1913. AS Acta sanctorum. Beiträge Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters, ed. by C. Baeumker, G. v. Hertling, M. Baumgartner, et al., Münster, 1891-. BL Bodleian Library, Oxford. BM British Museum, London. BN Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. Borgnet Augustus Borgnet, ed. B. Alberti Magni Opera omnia, Paris, 1890-1899, in 38 vols. Brewer Fr. Rogeri Bacon Opera quaedam hactenus inedita, ed. J. S. Brewer, London, 1859, in RS, XV. Bridges The Opus Maius of Roger Bacon, ed. J. H. Bridges, I-II, Oxford, 1897; III, 1900. CCAG Catalogus codicum astrologorum Graecorum, ed. F. Cumont, W. Kroll, F. Boll, et al., 1898. CE Catholic Encyclopedia. CFCB Census of Fifteenth Century Books Owned in America, compiled by a committee of the Bibliographical Society of America, New York, 1919. CLM Codex Latinus Monacensis (Latin MS at Munich). CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum, Vienna, 1866-. CU Cambridge University (used to distinguish MSS in colleges having the same names as those at Oxford). CUL Cambridge University Library. DNB Dictionary of National Biography. EB Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th edition. EETS Early English Text Society Publications. EHR English Historical Review. ERE Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. J. Hastings et al., 1908-. HL Histoire Littéraire de la France. HZ Historische Zeitschrift, Munich, 1859-. Kühn Medici Graeci, ed. C. J. Kühn, Leipzig, 1829, containing the works of Galen, Dioscorides, etc. MG Monumenta Germaniae. MS Manuscript. MSS Manuscripts. Muratori Rerum Italicarum scriptores ab anno aerae christianae 500 ad 1500, ed. L. A. Muratori, 1723-1751. NH C. Plinii Secundi Naturalis Historia (Pliny’s Natural History). PG Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca. PL Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina. PN The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, ed. Wace and Schaff, 1890-1900, 14 vols. PW Pauly and Wissowa, Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. RS “Rolls Series,” or Rerum Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores, 99 works in 244 vols., London, 1858-1896. TU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur, ed. Gebhardt und Harnack. DESIGNATION OF MANUSCRIPTS Individual manuscripts are usually briefly designated in the ensuing notes and appendices by a single word indicating the place or collection where the MS is found and the number or shelf-mark of the individual MS. So many of the catalogues of MSS collections which I consulted were undated and without name of author that I have decided to attempt no catalogue of them. The brief designations that I give will be sufficient for anyone who is interested in MSS. In giving Latin titles, _Incipits_, and the like of MSS I employ quotation marks when I know from personal examination or otherwise that the wording is that of the MS itself, and omit the marks where the Latin seems rather to be that of the description in the manuscript catalogue or other source of information. In the following _List of Works Frequently Cited_ are included a few MSS catalogues whose authors I shall have occasion to refer to by name. LIST OF WORKS FREQUENTLY CITED BY AUTHOR AND DATE OF PUBLICATION OR BRIEF TITLE For more detailed bibliography on specific topics and for editions or manuscripts of the texts used see the bibliographies, references, and appendices to individual chapters. I also include here some works of general interest or of rather cursory character which I have not had occasion to mention elsewhere; and I usually add, for purposes of differentiation, other works in our field by an author than those works by him which are frequently cited. Of the many histories of the sciences, medicine, and magic that have appeared since the invention of printing I have included but a small selection. Almost without exception they have to be used with the greatest caution. Abano, Peter of, Conciliator differentiarum philosophorum et praecipue medicorum, 1472, 1476, 1521, 1526, etc. De venenis, 1472, 1476, 1484, 1490, 1515, 1521, etc. Abel, ed. Orphica, 1885. Abelard, Peter. Opera hactenus seorsim edita, ed. V. Cousin, Paris, 1849-1859, 2 vols. Ouvrages inédits, ed. V. Cousin, 1835. Abt, Die Apologie des Apuleius von Madaura und die antike Zauberei, Giessen, 1908. Achmetis Oneirocriticon, ed. Rigaltius, Paris, 1603. Adelard of Bath, Quaestiones naturales, 1480, 1485, etc. De eodem et diverso, ed. H. Willner, Münster, 1903. Ahrens, K. Das Buch der Naturgegenstände, 1892. Zur Geschichte des sogenannten Physiologus, 1885. Ailly, Pierre d’, Tractatus de ymagine mundi (and other works), 1480 (?). Albertus Magnus, Opera omnia, ed. A. Borgnet, Paris, 1890-1899, 38 vols. Allbutt, Sir T. Clifford. The Historical Relations of Medicine and Surgery to the End of the Sixteenth Century, London, 1905, 122 pp.; an address delivered at the St. Louis Congress in 1904. The Rise of the Experimental Method in Oxford, London, 1902, 53 pp., from Journal of the Oxford University Junior Scientific Club, May, 1902, being the ninth Robert Boyle Lecture. Science and Medieval Thought, London, 1901, 116 brief pages. The Harveian Oration delivered before the Royal College of Physicians. Allendy, R. F. L’Alchimie et la Médecine; Étude sur les théories hermétiques dans l’histoire de la médecine, Paris, 1912, 155 pp. Anz, W. Zur Frage nach dem Ursprung des Gnostizismus, Leipzig, 1897. Aquinas, Thomas. Opera omnia, ed. E. Fretté et P. Maré, Paris, 1871-1880, 34 vols. Aristotle, De animalibus historia, ed. Dittmeyer, 1907; English translations by R. Creswell, 1848, and D’Arcy W. Thompson, Oxford, 1910. Pseudo-Aristotle. Lapidarius, Merszborg, 1473. Secretum secretorum, Latin translation from the Arabic by Philip of Tripoli in many editions; and see Gaster. Arnald of Villanova, Opera, Lyons, 1532. Artemidori Daldiani et Achmetis Sereimi F. Oneirocritica; Astrampsychi et Nicephori versus etiam Oneirocritici; Nicolai Rigaltii ad Artemidorum Notae, Paris, 1603. Ashmole, Elias, Theatrum chemicum Britannicum, 1652. Astruc, Jean. Mémoires pour servir à l’histoire de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier, Paris, 1767. Auriferae artis quam chemiam vocant antiquissimi auctores, Basel, 1572. Barach et Wrobel, Bibliotheca Philosophorum Mediae Aetatis, 1876-1878, 2 vols. Bartholomew of England, De proprietatibus rerum, Lingelbach, Heidelberg, 1488, and other editions. Bauhin, De plantis a divis sanctisve nomen habentibus, Basel, 1591. Baur, Ludwig, ed. Gundissalinus De divisione philosophiae, Münster, 1903. Die Philosophischen Werke des Robert Grosseteste, Münster, 1912. Beazley, C. R. The Dawn of Modern Geography, London, 1897-1906, 3 vols. Bernard, E. Catalogi librorum manuscriptorum Angliae et Hiberniae in unum collecti (The old catalogue of the Bodleian MSS), Tom. I, Pars 1, Oxford, 1697. Berthelot, P. E. M. Archéologie et histoire des sciences avec publication nouvelle du papyrus grec chimique de Leyde et impression originale du Liber de septuaginta de Geber, Paris, 1906. Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs, 1887-1888, 3 vols.