Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

for a replica of the head (on a torso which does not belong to it) in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, no. 132 (p. 155) and Pl. 21; for others, see Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 98 f. The height is given in _B. M. Sculpt._ as 6 ft. 7-1/2 in. (without the plinth). [620] Amelung, _Vat._, II, p. 656 and Pl. 61; Furtw., _Mw._, p. 361, fig. 48. It is a marble copy of an original bronze of Myronian origin. Its height is 1.98 meters (Amelung). [621] Duetschke, IV, no. 416; M. W., II, Pl. 30, 329. [622] _Ibid._, no. 416; Koerte, _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 350, no. 72. [623] Duetschke, IV, no. 876; Clarac, 958, 2473; Conze, in _A. A._, 1867, pp. 105-6. Here Conze gives a list of which three reliefs and one statue represent dead men as Hermes. [624] Duetschke, IV, no. 46; Conze, _l. c._, p. 106 (mentioned in preceding note). [625] _E. g._, the well-known bust of the emperor Commodus with the attributes of Hercules in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 930; Baum., I, p. 398, fig. 432; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, 230; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, Pl. 270 a; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 583, 7. [626] _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 42; _Ant. Denkm._, I, I, 1886, Pl. V; Bulle, 75 and fig. 27, p. 141; B. B., 246; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II., 1347, and references; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Griech. u. roem. Portraets_, Pls. 358-360; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, Pls. 82-4; Collignon, II, p. 493, fig. 257; Murray, _Hbk._ Gr. _Archæol._, 1892, pp. 305 f., fig. 100; Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of Anc. Rome_, 1897, Pl. on p. 303; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 548, 7; _cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 364, n. 2, and _Mw._, p. 597, n. 3. The height of the statue is 2.08 meters, or 2.37 meters to the hand (Bulle). [627] _E. g._, Philip V, Perseus, Alexander Balas (who usurped the Seleucid throne in 149 B. C.), Demetrios I (Soter), of Syria (who reigned 162-150 B. C.), and Antiochos II, (Theos, who reigned 261-246 B. C.), have been suggested. [628] See Imhoof-Blumer, _Portraetkoepfe auf ant. Muenzen hellenischer und hellenisierter Voelker_, 1885, Pls. I, 6; III, 24; V, 21; VI, 29 and 31. [629] A small replica of this famous statue may probably be seen in the bronze statuette in the Nelidoff collection: Wulff, _Alexander mit der Lanze_, 1898, Pls. I, II; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, p. 134, fig. 35. On supposed replicas, see Bernouilli, _Das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr._, p. 107; and Th. Schreiber, Studien ueber das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr., _Abh. d. philolog.-histor. Cl. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch._, XXI, 1903, no. III, pp. 100 f. [630] Kabbadias, 235; Collignon, in _B. C. H._, XIII, 1889, p. 498 and Pl. III; Bulle, 74. [631] _Cf._ the _Farnese Herakles_, Bulle, 72; etc. [632] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; see below, p. 119 and note 5. [633] _E. g._, in the _Payne Knight_ bronze of the British Museum (_B. M. Bronz._, no. 209 and Pl. 1) and the _Sciarra_ bronze (Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; _R. M._, II, 1887, Pls. IV, IVa, V), which will be discussed in Ch. III, pp. 108, 119. [634] He won Ol. (?) 80 (= 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._ 149. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 249 f.; _Mw._, pp. 452 f. [635] _Mp._, p. 255; an almost exact copy of the Eleusis statue is in the Museo Torlonia, no. 37. [636] Froehner, _Les medaillons de l’Empire romain_, 1878, p. 123; Furtw., _Mp._, _l. c._ [637] _Mp._, pp. 229 f., especially pp. 233 f.; _Mw._, pp. 422 f., especially pp. 426 f. [638] On an Argive funerary relief: see _A. M._, III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII: this free adaptation of the _Doryphoros_ dates from the middle of the fourth century B. C.; it will be treated later on in our discussion of the _Doryphoros_. [639] _Cf._ Ph., 16, (the palæstra of Hermes, the first known); Babr., 48,5 (παλαιστρίτης θεός). A trainer of professional athletes was called a γυμνάστης (a term sometimes applied to athletic gods): Xen., _Mem._, II, 1.20; Plato, _de Leg._, 720 E; etc. [640] _E. g._, _Suppl._, 189, 333; _Agam._, 513. [641] As in Iliad, XV, 428; XVI, 500; XXIV, 1. Eustathius in a scholion on the latter passage wrongly says that Aischylos called the ἀγοραῖοι θεοί “ἀγώνιοι θεοί.” [642] As in Hesychios, who says ἀγώνιοι θεοὶ = οἱ τῶν ἀγώνων προεστῶτες. [643] 509, ὕπατος χώρας, “lord of Nemea.” [644] _Ibid._, ὁ Πύθιος ἄναξ. [645] 515. [646] _E. g._ Plato, _de Leg._, 783 A; Pindar, _Isthm._, I, 60, _Ol._, VI, 79, and _Pyth._, II, 10 (of Hermes); Soph., _Trach._, 26 (of Zeus, the decider of contests); _C. I. G._, II, 1421 (of Hermes); _cf._ also Simonides, quoted by Athenæus, XI, 90 (p. 490); Aischyl., _fragm._ 384 (of Hermes); Aristoph., _Plut._, 1161 (of Hermes); _C. I. G._, I, 251; etc. [647] See Preller-Robert, _Griech. Mythol._^4, 1894, p. 415, n. 3. [648] _Cf._ Krause, pp. 169 f.; Preller-Robert, _op. cit._, pp. 415 f.; Urlichs, _Skopas_, p. 42; Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 168; Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2369; S. Eitrem, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 786-7. [649] Pindar, _Nem._, X, 52-3; _Oxy. Pap._, VII, 1015, 8. [650] _E. g._, at Messene, P., IV, 32.1 (along with that of Theseus). [651] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 2156; _C. I. G._, I, 250, and Neubauer, _Hermes_, XI, 1876, p. 146, no. 12; for the dedication of a torch to Hermes, see _A. G._, VI, 100. [652] _C. I. A._, II, 3, 1225-6; IV, 2, 1225b; 1226, b, c, d. [653] _Inschr. Gr. Insul._, III (Thera), 390; _cf._ Cougny, _Epigr. Anth. Pal._, III, 1890 (_Appendix nova_), p. 26, no. 168. [654] Schol. on Pindar, _Ol._, VI, 134, Boeckh, p. 148. He is represented as a wrestler in a bronze group from Antioch, with wings in his hair: R. Foerster, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 177 f., and Pl. XI (to be discussed _infra._, p. 233 and note 2). [655] Servius on Virgil’s _Aen._, VIII, 138. [656] I, 2.5. [657] V, 14.9 (Ἑρμοῦ ... Ἐναγωνίου). [658] VIII, 14.10. An inscription (_Inschr. v. Ol._, 184) records that a certain Akestorides of Alexandria Troas (whose name is left out of the text of Pausanias, VI, 13.7) won a victory at Pheneus, and this was probably at these games; on this victor, see Hyde, 119, and pp. 49-50. [659] V, 7.10. [660] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 324; _Guide_, 331; B. B., 131; Bulle, 54; von Mach, 126 b; Baum., I, p. 458, fig. 503; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 526,8; Collignon, II. p. 124, fig. 60; Overbeck, I, pp. 380 f. and fig. 102; F. W., no. 465; _A. Z._, XXIV, 1866, Pl. CCIX, 1-2, pp. 169 f. (Kekulé) and Pl. 209, 1, 2; _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 207 f. (Brunn); _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 57 f. and fig. 1 (Habich); _J. H. S._, XXVIII, 1907, p. 25, fig. 13; _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, pp. 445 f. (von Mach); Springer-Michaelis, p. 268, fig. 482; replicas in the Louvre (photo Giraudon, no. 1209), London (_B. M. Sculpt._ III, no. 1753), Duncombe Park, England (Michaelis, p. 295, no. 2), and elsewhere; for series, see J. Six, _Gaz. arch._, 1888, pp. 291 and Pl. 29, fig. 10 A. [661] _Mw._, p. 122; also Smith, _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1753. [662] First by Visconti, _Mus. Pio Clem._, III, p. 130; lately by G. Habich, _l. c._, and others. [663] _H. N._, XXXIV, 72; _S. Q._, 826. It was the only bronze work which the sculptor is known to have made, all his other works being in marble. [664] Kekulé (_l. c._), Furtwaengler (_l. c._), and others make the identification. [665] Long ago Turnebus (_Advers._, 1580, p. 486) explained the word in the sense of ἔγκρισις ἀθλητῶν, as used by Lucian, _pro Imag._, 11; _cf._, Cicero’s _probatio_, in his _de Off._, I, 144. Most modern commentators, however, refer the word to the statue, translating it “classical” or “chosen”: thus Urlichs, _Chrest. Pl._, 1857, p. 325; O. Jahn, Ueber die Kunsturteile des Plinius (_Ber. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss._, 1850), p. 125; H. L. von Urlichs, _Blaetter f. d. bayr. Gymnasialsch._, 1894, pp. 609 f., translates it “klassisch” or “mustergueltig,” _i. e._, serving as a pattern or standard. But the term was too well known as an athletic one for it ever to have been applied to a statue. The present participle, instead of the usual aorist (ἐγκριθείς), shows that Alkamenes’ statue represented an athlete in the act of undergoing selection. The old emendation into ἐγχριόμενος has been recently defended by Klein, _Praxiteles_, p. 50, who identifies Pliny’s statue with the Glyptothek _Oil-pourer_ (Pl. 11); it is discredited by the occurrence of the epithet _Encrinomenos_ as a Roman proper name, _C. I. L._, V, 1, 4429, which shows how familiar it was. See Jex-Blake, on the passage of Pliny. [666] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 345; Helbig, _l. c._ [667] It seems to be a Hadrianic copy of an original which stood on the Athenian Akropolis. [668] Now in the Antiquarium, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 1030; noted in _B. Com. Rom._, XXXVIII, 1910, p. 249, and fully discussed, _ibid._, XXXIX, 1911, pp. 97 f. (L. Mariani), and Pls. VI, VII (three views), and VIII (head, two views). [669] _H. N._, XXXIV, 80: _Naucydes Mercurio et discobolo et immolante arietem censetur_, etc. [670] _Ueber den Diskoswurf bei den Griechen_, 1892, p. 55. However, von Mach discusses a r.-f. deinos in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which resembles the pose of the statue: _A. J. A._, VII, 1903, p. 447, fig. 1. [671] As in a vase by Douris: _A. Z._, 1883, Pl. II; Furtw., _Berliner Vasen_, no. 2283 A; also on a Hellenistic gem in Berlin: Furtw., _Gemmen Katalog_, no. 6911. Philostr., _Imag._, I, 24, says that the left foot was advanced. [672] Coin of Amastris: Schlosser, _Numism. Zeitschr._ (Vienna), XXIII, 1891, p. 19, Pl. 2, no. 35; a better reproduction by Imhoof-Blumer, in Sallet’s _Zeitschr. f. Numism._, XX, 1897, p. 269, Pl. 10, n. 2 (= Habich, p. 58, fig. 2); another in _B. M. Coins_ (Pontus), Pl. XX, 7, pp. 87 and 21. On this and the Thracian coin, see also Habich, Hermes Diskobolos auf Muenzen, in _Journ. internat. d’arch, num._, II, 1898, pp. 137 f. Habich gives a gem showing the god with a kerykeion in the left hand, and a diskos in the right and with the right foot advanced: p. 61, fig. 3. [673] _E. g._, Michaelis, _Jb._, XIII, 1898, pp. 175-6. He looks upon the statue simply as that of a diskobolos. [674] In the National Museum, Athens, no. 13399: Staïs, _Marb. et Bronz._, pp. 353-354 and fig.; _Arch. Eph._, 1902, Pl. 17; Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 42-3; Tafelbd., I, Pl. VIII, no. 1; _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, p. 351 (Bosanquet). This statuette is 0.25 meter in height and the base 0.09 meter (Svoronos). [675] Svoronos, p. 43, reproduces the coins of Amastris and Philippopolis. [676] Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capitol._, p. 288, no. 21 and Pl. 71; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 858; _Guide_, 509; B. B., 387; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 303 and n. 7; _Mw._, p. 525 and n. 1; Clarac, II, 859, 2170; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 525, 1; Lange, _Motiv des aufgestuetzten Fusses_, 1879, pp. 13 f. Helbig speaks of a replica in Paris, but confounds it with the type of the so-called _Sandal-binder_ of the Louvre (Fig. 8). The Capitoline statue is 1.845 meters in height (Stuart Jones). [677] The motive of the “aufgestuetztes Bein” is more likely Lysippan than Skopaic, as Furtwaengler wrongly assumed. [678] Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 18 f. (with bibliography of all the objects down to 1903, on p. 15, n. 1.); Tafelbd., I, Pls. I and II (front and back); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 302-304 and fig.; Bulle, 61; von Mach, 290; _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, Pls. VIII (head), IX (body, three views); H. B. Walters, _Art of the Greeks_, Pl. XVI; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. LXXVIII; for bibliographical notice and discussion, see _A. J. A._, V, 1901, p. 465, and VII, 1903, pp. 464-5; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 531; the best account of the statue in English is by Dr. A. S. Cooley, in _Record of the Past_, II, 1903, pp. 207-13 (with two illustrations). It is 1.94 meters in height, _i. e._, slightly over life-size (Svoronos). [679] _J. H. S._, XXI, 1901, pp. 205 f; he also briefly described all the bronzes found in _A. A._, 1901, pp. 17-19, (4 figs.), in _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 122-6 (5 figs.), and in _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1901, pp. 58-63 (3 figs.) and 158-9 (3 Pls.). All the bronzes were published after cleansing in _Arch. Eph._, 1902, pp. 145 f., with Pls. 7-17 and figs. 1-18 in the text; see also Staïs, _Les trouvailles dans la mer de Cythère_, 1905; the last publication of all the pieces is by Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 1-86; Tafelbd., I, Pls. I-XX. [680] In his popular discussion of the bronzes in _Monthly Review_, June, 1901, pp. 110-127 (with 5 Pls., and 5 figs.). Similar praise is that of W. Klein, II, p. 403; he calls it _die wundervollste aller uns erhaltenen Bronzestatuen des Altertums_. [681] _London Illustrated News_, June 6, 1903 (with double-page plate). [682] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, XXV, Pér. III, 1901, pp. 295-301 (with 3 figures). [683] In a monograph entitled Ὁ Ἔφηβος τῶν Ἀντικυθήρων (pp. 1-42, and 6 figs.), Athens, 1903. [684] It was restored by the French sculptor André, who covered it with putty to conceal the jointures and the rivets which were used in welding the fragments together. He also colored it to resemble bronze. The method used in the restoration is certainly open to objection, but not to the extent asserted by certain scholars, _e. g._, by von Mach, who asserts that no Greek statue has received such unworthy treatment, and that the restoration makes it possible to refer the statue to almost any age or admixture of influences: _Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles_, p. 326. Much of the beauty of the statue, to be sure, is gone, but the style is not obscured. It has been restored too full, which gives it a sensuous appearance. For the statue, before restoration, see Svoronos, Textbd., p. 18, fig. 2; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, fig. on p. 304. [685] _J. H. S._, XXIII, 1903, pp. 152 f.; _cf._ _Sculpt._, pp. 244 f.; _Hbk._, pp. 532 f. In Chap. VI of the present work we shall follow the view which ascribes the _Herakles_ to Lysippos: _infra_, pp. 298, 311. The Praxitelean and Lysippan influences in the bronze under discussion are noted by Richardson, p. 276. [686] _Ibid._, pp. 217 f. [687] For the former, see Amelung, _Fuehrer_, 249; von Mach, 327; Reinach, I, 452, 2. On the hem of the cloak is an Etruscan dedicatory inscription to one Metilius by his wife, containing the name of Tenine Tuthines as the bronze-caster: see Corssen, _Sprache d. Etrusker_, I, pp. 712 f. (quoted by von Mach). For the latter, see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 5; _Guide_, 5; _Mon. d. I._, VI and VII, 1857-63, Pl. 84, 1; _Annali_, XXXV, 1863, pp. 432 f. (Koehler); Rayet, II, Pl. 71; B. B., 225; Bernouilli, _Roem. Ikonogr._, II, i, pp. 24 f., fig. 2; etc. [688] Text on pp. 115 f.; Klein, _op. cit._, pp. 403 f., believes that the enigma of its interpretation remains unsolved. He looks upon it as, perhaps, a pre-Lysippan work, a sort of _Vorstufe_ to the _Apoxyomenos_. [689] _Cf._ Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 534. [690] On this gesture, see von Mach, _op. cit._, pp. 325-6. [691] Textbd., I, figs. 13-14, pp. 26-7. For the gem, see _ibid._, fig. 3, p. 22; Reinach, _Pierres gravées_, Pl. 56, 34. [692] _H. N._, XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, _Jb._, XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, _cf._ the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 357 f.; _Mw._, pp. 591-2) and Robert (_Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr._, XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the _Pall Mall Magazine_, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand. [693] _Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f. [694] VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance. [695] Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, _cf._ Hor., _Sat._, II, 2.11; Suetonius, _Octav._, 83; Pliny, _Ep._, III, 1.8; Seneca, _de Brev. vit._, 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, _Erziehung und Unterricht_, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, _Les Jeux des Anciens_,^2 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176-199. [696] Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e). [697] Athen., I, 25-26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a). [698] In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. _Cf._ Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc. [699] Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a). [700] Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); _cf._, Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: _id._, on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601. [701] Theophr., _Char._, V, 9; Pliny, _Ep._, II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, _Vit. Vespas._, 20; etc. [702] _B. S. A._, X, 1903-4, pp. 63 f; _cf._, XII, 1905-6, p. 387. [703] The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in _C. I. G._, I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, _Die Dorier_, 4, 5, §2, classed these competitions as a sort of football. [704] _Rev. des Ét. gr._, XIV, 1901, pp. 445-8. [705] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, _Die griech. Skulpt._,^2 fig. on p. 349 (the _Germanicus_ on p. 348; _cf._ Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, _Griech. Plastik_, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p.