Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

II, p. 446, and _cf._ 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270-271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 83-84. [706] Graef, _Aus der Anomia_, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the _Lemnian Athena_ and the body to that of the _Farnese Anadoumenos_ of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the _Lemnia_ is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: _Mp._, p. 57; _Mw._, pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, _Mp._, Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, _B. M. Coins_, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 68. [707] Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day. [708] As shown in the _Germanicus_ copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the _Germanicus_ the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples. [709] Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc. [710] _A. J. A._, XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215-16 (Caskey); _Jb._, XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the _Hermes_ of the Boboli gardens, see _ibid._, figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., _Einzelauf._, 103-105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 230, _Mw._, p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, _Kat._, no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4-5, p. 5; _Mp._, p. 290, _Mw._, 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. [475] Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5. [711] _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 1911, p. 251. [712] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 230 and _cf._ p. 290; _Mw._, p. 424 and _cf._ p. 506. [713] See the _Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts_, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, _Polyklet u. seine Schule_, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the _Doryphoros_. [714] Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212-13; later bibliogr. in Klein, _Praxitel. Stud._, 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, _Rép._, I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: _ibid._, II, i, 153, 10; _A. M._, XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, _Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see _B. M. Sculpt._, III, 1785). [715] See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, _Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike_, with Pls. 1-6. [716] From the _Ekphrasis_ of Christodoros, _A. G._, II, _vv._ 297-302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, _de Mercurii statua_, Thorn, 1860. [717] Pick, _Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands_, I, Pl. XVI, 25; _cf._ Froehner, p. 211. [718] Duetschke, IV, no. 151; _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace). [719] _E. g._, _B. M. Bronzes_, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X. [720] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; _Jb._, I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., _Mp._, Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in _Mp._, pp. 346-7. The head is 11-1/2 inches high (_B. M. Sculpt._). [721] Nissen, _Pompej. Stud._, p. 166. [722] _H. N._, XXXIV, 18. [723] _E. g._, one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F. [724] _E. g._, E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze _Mercury_ in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., _Mp._, p. 233, fig. 94, and _Mw._, p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: _Mp._, p. 232, fig. 93; _Mw._, p. 427, fig. 63. [725] _Mp._, p. 231, n. 3. [726] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 1217. [727] _Mp._, pp. 288 f.; _Mw._, pp. 502 f. [728] _Inschr. v. Ol._, no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, _Mp._, p. 288, fig. 123; _Mw._, p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 (= 452 B. C.), given by the _Oxy. Pap._ [729] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 289, fig. 124; _Mw._, p. 504, fig. 91. [730] XXIII, 660; _cf._ Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. _Cf._ Hesiod, _Theog._, 346-7. [731] V, 7.10. [732] _Quaest. conviv._, VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens. [733] Told by many writers: _e. g._, Apollod., II, 6.2. [734] P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: _Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31 f.; Overbeck has added to the list: _Griech. Mythol._, III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391-415. [735] The _Choiseul-Gouffier_ statue: _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. III; _Specimens_, II, Pl. V; _Museum Marbles_, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; _J. H. S._, I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and _cf._, II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, _Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (_B. M. Sculpt._). The _Apollo-on-the-Omphalos_: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 23-24 and fig.; _J. H. S._, I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, _op. cit._, Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelauf._, nos. 849-50; for list of other copies, see _A. M._, IX, 1884, pp. 239-40. [736] _Cf._ _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith). [737] See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 248. [738] Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; _cf._ F. W., 219. Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III. _Apollon_, p. 162, fig. 9. [739] _A. M._, I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47. [740] Published in _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, pp. 278-80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the _Choiseul-Gouffier_ and _Omphalos_ copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 1268. [741] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 211; it shows the _krobylos_ best. [742] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 210. [743] Braun, _Vorschule d. Kunstmythol._, Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith). [744] _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. 54; discussed in _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio). [745] _Cf._ Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, no. 859; Beulé, _Monnaies d’Athênes_, p. 271, quoted in _Jb._, II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54. [746] _Jb._, II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side. [747] _Fuehrer_, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268. [748] _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, p. 19. [749] Roscher, _Lex._, I, p. 456. [750] _A. M._, IX, 1884, p. 244. [751] Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, _l.c._; Murray, I, p. 235; _cf._ Furtw., _l. c._, and on the artist, see his article in _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1907, pp. 160 f. [752] _S. Q._, nos. 508-526. [753] Furtw., _l. c._; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the _Alexikakos_ has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301). [754] Dionys. Halic., _de Isocrate Judicium_, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); _S. Q._, 531. [755] _Op. cit._, especially p. 182. [756] P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 (= 484, 476, 472 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207. [757] F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete. [758] Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, _J. H. S._, XXIV, 1904, pp. 203-7 and fig. 1. [759] The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, _Kunstmythologie_, III, _Apollon_, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, _Fuehrer_, no. 859; Stuart Jones, _Cat. Mus. Capit._, p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl._^2, Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, _Einzelaufnahmen_, Serie II, 452-4, p. 35. [760] Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 59. [761] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3-5. The original height was 2.60 meters. [762] _Strena Helbigiana_, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (_l. c._ and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., _Mw._, p. 115, and fig. 21. [763] _B. M. Coins, Troas_, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, _l. c._, fig. 4, p. 207. [764] Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9; other references _infra_, on p. 152, n. 5. [765] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; _cf._, Furtw.-Urlichs, _Denkm._, pp. 105-6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120). [766] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; _infra_, pp. 269 f. [767] _Cf._, Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 18 (_Achilleae_). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, _Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol._, Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11. [768] _Jh. oest. arch. Inst._, VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree-support and Apollo. [769] _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Loewy, _op. cit._, X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, _ibid._, IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the _Borghese Ares_ of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, _Rép._ I, 133, 1-3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, _i. e._, essentially different from the Polykleitan pose. [770] _R. M._, XXVII, 1912, p. 37. [771] Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); _J. H. S._, XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace). [772] _Mp._, p. 247; _Mw._, pp. 448-449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C. [773] Amelung, _Rev. arch._, II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, _l. c._, p. 237. [774] Both Schreiber, _A. M._, VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, _Jb._, XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works. [775] P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; _cf._ V, 8.3-4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, _Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, _Gr. Gesch._,^2 I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, _Olympia_, pp. 26 f. [776] With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; _cf._ the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4. [777] P., V, 8.4. [778] P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 (= 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570-1. [779] V, 21.10. [780] These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 (= 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see _Bronzen v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 (= 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505-6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., _l. c._), who won in Ol. 172 (= 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538-9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 (= 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579-80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 (= 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609-10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 (= 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621-2. [781] Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 (= 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 (= 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., _Heroicus_, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); _cf._ Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, _ad loc._ Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, _l. c._ Frazer, III, p. 625. [782] Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, _e. g._, Dio Cassius, _l. c._; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., _e. g._, Africanus; _cf._ Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2. [783] See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, _Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag._, II, 1845, pp. 392-411. [784] P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes. [785] _B. C. H._, XXIII, 1899, pp. 455-6. [786] On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94. [787] P., VI, 2.1. [788] Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298-299. [789] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection. [790] See Arndt, _l. c._ Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, _Lex._, I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a _mélange_ of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: _Gaz. d. B.-A._, 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; _Têtes_, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt. [791] _Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi_, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365. [792] For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, _Villa Ercolan._, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., _Mp._ p. 234, fig. 95; _Mw._, p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, _Guide_, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; _Mp._, p. 235, fig. 96; _Mw._, p. 431, fig.