Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

tree-trunk, see _I. G. B._, no. 374. [883] The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as _Orestes_ and _Elektra_: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, _Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples _Orestes_ and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; _cf._ Conze, _Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr._ Pl.^2, p. 25, n. 3. [884] _E. g._, the so-called group of _Orestes_ and _Pylades_ in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 161, 2 (= _Mercury_ and _Vulcan_). [885] Kalkmann, _53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 152, believes it was _vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters_ (_i. e._, _Hagelaïdas_) _selbst_: on pp. 146-7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas. [886] _E. g._, the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1314; _Guide_, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, _Die Gruppe d. Menelaos_, Pl. I; Schreiber, _Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi_, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 506, 6. [887] V, 10.8. [888] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16. [889] See Brunn, pp. 236-7 and 244-5. [890] Loeschke (_Dorpaterprogr._, 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in _A. M._, III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (_J. H. S._, X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of _Hera_ at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (_Mp._, p. 90, n. 3; _Mw._, p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the _Hera_ is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (_Jb._, V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (_A. A._, 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (_A. M._, XXIX, 1904, pp. 208-211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back. [891] See Baum., pp. 1104 KK. [892] P. 243. [893] _A. Z._, XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f. [894] No. 135. [895] _Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr._, pp. 67 f. [896] _A. M._, VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike. [897] _A. Z._, XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _Bildw. v. Ol._, Textbd., pp. 44-95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable). [898] _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 374-5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); _cf._ _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others. [899] I, pp. 460-1. [900] I, p. 330 (= Elean). [901] For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, _Jb._, III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and _ibid._, IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114-137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc. [902] Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462-3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); _A. M._, XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., _A. M._, XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle). [903] _Mp._, p. 53; _Mw._, p. 80; _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 140-1 and 148. [904] The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, _A. M._, V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, _Arch. Eph._, 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374-5, figs. 191-2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87-8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, _Mw._, pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C. [905] The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126-127. [906] Furtwaengler, _50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr._, pp. 132 and 150; _Mp._, p. 19; Dickins, p. 265. [907] It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, _Au Musée_, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer-Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size. [908] Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and _Au Musée_, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., _50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, p. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; _Arch. Eph._, III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size. [909] Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas. [910] Richter, _Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum_, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed _infra_ in Ch. IV, pp. 220-1. [911] See _supra_, p. 105 and n. 3. [912] On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61-2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and _cf._ p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493. [913] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, _e. g._, P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos. [914] Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 162-3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 165 (renewed); _I. G. B._, 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369. [915] _H. N._, XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot-groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896-7. [916] Furtwaengler, _Mp._, p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: _I. G. B._, 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7. [917] Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 159 (renewed). Naukydes’ activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 (= 448-400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39. [918] _H. N._, XXXIV, 49. [919] P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268. [920] P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, _O. S._, pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 (= 388-368 B. C.). [921] Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 164; _I. G. B._, 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: _Mp._, pp. 224-5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, _Strena Helbigiana_, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the _Oxy. Pap._ [922] P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; _I. G. B._, 475; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 318; etc. [923] Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; _cf._ Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f. [924] P., VI, 9.1, f. [925] Antipatros of Sidon, in _A. Pl._ (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, _Arch. Maerch._, pp. 95 ff. [926] Longpérier, _Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, _Les bronzes antiques du Louvre_, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, _Les Apollons archaïques_, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The _Apollo Philesios_, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, _Gesch. d. Altertums_,^2 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., _l. c._, and _cf._ I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: _Griech. Kunstmyth._, III, _Apollon_, 1889, pp. 22 f.; _cf._ _Gesch. d. gr. Pl._, I, pp. 234 f. [927] _H. N._, XXXIV, 75; _cf._ Jex-Blake _ad loc._, p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the _Apollo_ at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1. [928] P. Gardner, _The Types of Greek Coins_, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15-16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153-155; _cf._ B. Head, _Historia Nummorum_^2, 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, _Apollon_, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; _B. M. Gems_, no. 720; etc. [929] _L. c._ [930] _B. M. Bronzes_, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); _Specimens_, Pl. 12; _Annali_, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and _Apollon_, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, _Milet et le golfe Latmique_, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, _Hbk. of Greek Archæology_, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, _Lex._, I, 1, p. 451; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle). [931] _R. M._, II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in _A. Z._, XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height. [932] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, III, _Apollon_, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84-91, and Pl. 7. [933] The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: _B. C. H._, X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, _Études d’archéologie et d’art_, p. 164; etc. [934] On the style of Kanachos and the _Apollo_, see also Kekulé, _Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1904, I, pp. 786-801; O. Mueller, _Kleine Schriften_, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc. [935] P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; _B. C. H._, XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and _cf._ P., X, 9.10. [936] P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277. [937] P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; _cf._ Hyde, p. 34. [938] Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and [101] P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. [98] P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, _O. S._, pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f. [939] P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105. [940] Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 167; _I. G. B._, no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; _I. G. B._, to no. 95. [941] Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6-7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a. [942] Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407. [943] P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: _I. G. B._, 97; _C. I. G. G. S._, I, 2472); _cf._ Schmidt, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 197-8, no. 58; _cf._ Brunn, p. 418. [944] P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424. [945] _H. N._, XXXIV, 51; _cf._ XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The _Tyche_ is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, _Jb._, XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; _cf._ Amelung, _Fuehrer d. Florenz_, nos. 261-2; and P. Gardner, _J. H. S._, IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532-3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray^2, II, pp. 354 f. Robert, _l. c._, gives three other sculptors of the same name; _cf._ _I. G. B._, nos. 143 and 244-9; Homolle, _B. C. H._, XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f. [946] Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415. [947] P., V, 25.12-13. [948] P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles). [949] P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found _in situ_ east of the temple of Zeus: _Ergebn. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B. [950] P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 (= 476-468 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88. [951] P., VI, 9.4-5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 143. [952] Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 (= 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1-3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 (= 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 (= 480 and 476 B. C.): _Oxy. Pap._, Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196. [953] For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see _infra_, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4. [954] Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228. [955] P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96. [956] P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96. [957] Lechat, _Au Musée_, Pl. XV; _Arch. Eph._, 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, _Têtes_, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526-7, figs. 271-2; E. A. Gardner, _J. H. S._, VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle). [958] Comparetti e de Petra, _La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni_, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, _Annali_, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, _R. M._, II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal _Apollo_ of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the _Zeus_ found at Olympia (_Bronz. v. Ol._, Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan. [959] Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305. [960] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; _cf._ also Collignon, I, p. 302. [961] Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc. [962] _Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia_, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 226, Pls. 50-51; _cf._ also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214-15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, _Aeginetische Beitraege_, and D. Mackenzie, in _B. S. A._, XV, 1908-09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78-83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._^2, pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f. [963] While Overbeck dates them about 500 B. C., Furtwaengler, Bulle, Gardner, and others date them about 480 B. C. [964] Hdt., VIII, 93. [965] P., X, 13. 10. [966] Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 95, no. 82, and Textbd., pp. 248-9, and fig. 178 on p. 23; B. B., no 26; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 229, fig. 52; it is from the north half of the gable. [967] Furtw., fig. 204, p. 248. [968] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glyptothek_,^2 no. 78; Furtw., _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 96, no. 32, and Textbd., pp. 223-4; the figure on our plate to the right = Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr._, no. 77 and Furtw., _op. cit._, Pl. 96, no. 29, Textbd., p. 221. No. 78 should stand, however, in front of 77 as arranged by Furtwaengler, _op. cit._, Tafelbd., Pl. 104, and both should be placed in the south half of the West Pediment and not in the north. For the two figures in Fig. 21, see also von Mach, 78 (middle and right). For another figure (armed with helmet, shield, and spear) from the East Gable, see Bulle, 86 = Furtw.-Wolters, no. 86 (formerly no. 56). [969] Recently these sculptures, and especially the limestone (λίθος πώρινος) fragments, have been dated from 490 B. C., rather than from [480] see Svoronos, I, p. 92. The Akropolis was destroyed by Xerxes in 480 B. C., but it is problematical if with the completeness recorded by Hdt., VIII, 53; see Doerpfeld in _A. M._, XXVII, 1902, pp. 379 f.; Dickins, pp. 5 f. The next year Mardonios destroyed the city by fire: Hdt., IX, 13. [970] See von Mach, 25 f.; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, pp. 635 f.; for details, Lechat, _Au Musée_, and Schrader, _Die archaischen Marmorskulpturen im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen_, 1909. See also Dickins, _op. cit._; Perrot-Chipiez, pp. 574 f. and p. 577, fig. 289 (= _Au Musée_, fig. 26), and p. 578, fig. 290 (= _Au Musée_, fig. 8); etc. [971] _Mon. gr._, VII, 1878 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I and pp. 1-14 (A. Dumont); _Mon. Piot_, VII, Pl. XIV, and pp. 146-7 (Lechat); Rayet, I, Pl. 18; Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182; Reinach, _Têtes_, 3, 4; Bulle, 225; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 641, fig. 328. [972] So Richardson, p. 83, and others. [973] So Bulle; he dates it in the first half of the sixth century B. C., doubtless a little too early. [974] It is now in the National Museum at Athens: Kabbadias, no. 38; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 17; _Arch. Eph._, 1874, p. 484 and Pl. 71, Γ, a (Koumanoudis); Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 2904; von Mach, 351; Overbeck, I, p. 202, fig. 46; Collignon, I, p. 385, fig. 200; F. W., 99; Conze, _Die attischen Grabreliefs_, I, 1890, Pl. IV, pp. 5-6; Kirchhoff and Curtius, _Philolog. u. histor. Abh. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin_, 1873, pp. 156 f. (and two illustrations, one of a second fragment); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342. [975] The breadth of 14 inches at top would become 30 inches at bottom. A second fragment, apparently belonging to the first, contains a part of the leg: _Arch. Eph._, 1874, Pl. 71, Γ, b. [976] The same motive occurs on vases: _e. g._, Gerhard, I, Pl. XXII, and IV, Pl. CCLXXII. [977] This very low relief is the most perfect of the older Attic grave-stelæ, and dates from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: Kabbadias, no. 29; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 15 and fig. (2.40 m. high); Sybel, _op. cit._, no. 3361; Overbeck, I, p. 200, fig. 45; Conze, _Die attischen Grabreliefs_, I, Pl. II, 1, p. 4; B. B., no. 41 A; Baum., I, p. 341, fig. 358; Kekulé, _Die ant. Bildw. im Theseion_, no. 363; Springer-Michaelis, p. 195, fig. 371; F. W., no. 101. Overbeck dates it at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; Richardson, p. 91 and fig. 43, about 525 B. C. For a duplicate stele from Ikaria, see _A. J. A._, V, 1889, Pl. I and pp. 9 f. (Buck); Conze, _op. cit._, I, Pl. II, 2. [978] Dickins, no. 692 and fig.; mentioned by Furtwaengler, _A. M._, V, 1880, pp. 25 and 32; discussed by R. Delbrueck, _ibid._, XXV, 1900, pp. 373 f., Pls. XV, XVI (bottom). [979] _La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg_, 1896, Pls. 1, 2 (and text by Arndt); Reinach, _Têtes_, Pls. 1, 2; Rayet, _Mon. gr._, VI, 1877 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I; _id._, _Ét. d’archéol. et d’art_, pp. 1-8 and Pl. I; Collignon, I, pp. 361, fig. 183; B. B., no. 116; Bulle, 197; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 643, fig. 329. [980] Collignon, I, p. 376, fig. 193; Bulle, fig. 128 on p. 440. [981] Brunn-Arndt, _Gr. und roem. Portraets_, Pls. XXIII-XXIV. [982] _Gaz. arch._, 1887, Pl. XI. [983] _Cf._ Arndt, _La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg_, text to nos. 1 and 2. [984] _Sammlung Sabouroff_, 1883, I, Einleitung, p. 5. [985] Found in two fragments in 1822 and 1859-60: Dickins, no. 1342, pp. 275 ff., and fig.; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; H. Schrader, _A. M._, XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f., and Pl. XI. Other references are given _infra_, p. 269, n. 9. [986] See Hauser, _Jb._, VII, 1892, pp. 54 f., who discusses the question of the sex of the figure at length. [987] So Hauser, _l. c._; followed by Robinson, _Cat. Museum of Fine Arts in Boston_, no. 33. [988] _E. g._, Gerhard, I, Pls. XX and XXI. [989] See _infra_, Ch. V, pp. 269 f. [990] While Schrader (_op. cit._, p. 313) dates it in the last quarter of the sixth century B. C., Dickins finds it earlier than the remnants of the sculptures of the Hekatompedon and, because of the delicate carving of the drapery and hair, despite its Attic features, calls it “typically Ionian in its elaboration of detail.” However, I follow Overbeck’s date at the beginning of the fifth century B. C. (_op. cit._ p. 204), and believe that it represents a time near the close of Ionic influence on Attic art. [991] P., VI, 6.1; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 146. [992] Of the Spartan hoplite and chariot victor Lykinos, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 83 and 84 (= 448 and 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 N; of the pancratiast Timanthes of Kleonai, who won in Ol. 81 (= 456 B. C.): P., VI, 8.4; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 76; Foerster, 232; of the unknown Arkadian boxer, mentioned by P., VI, 8.5, who won in Ol. 80 or Ol. 84 (= 460 or 444 B. C.): Hyde, 79, and pp. 39-41; _cf._ Foerster, 222 a, Hyde, 79 a; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 174; of the Spartan runner Chionis, who won in Ols. 28, 29, 30, 31 (= 668-656 B. C.), but his statue was erected in Ol. 77 or 78 (= 472 or 468 B. C.): P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41-6. On two statues of Lykinos, see _infra_, p. 187, n. 6. [993] Of the Elean boxer Satyros, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 102, 103 (= 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 39; Foerster, 342, 348; of the boy boxers Telestas and Damaretos of Messene, who won some time between Ols. 102 and 114 (= 372 and 324 B. C.): P., VI, 14.4; Hyde, 127; Foerster, 378; and P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 130; Foerster, 373. On the sculptor, see Hyde, p. 35. [994] P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494. [995] P., VI, 12.8 f.; Hyde, 109; Foerster, 529; _cf._ Robert, _Hermes_, XIX, 1884, pp. 306 f. On the artist family of Polykles, his sons Timokles and Timarchides, Polykles Minor and Timarchides Minor, see Robert, _l. c._, pp. 300 f.; Hyde, pp. 45-47 and table on p. 46. [996] _E. g._, _H. N._, XXXIV, 73 (Boëdas); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); XXXIV, 90 (Sthennis). In XXXIV, 91, he gives a list of artists who made statues of _sacrificantes_. [997] In the Iliad, I, 450; VIII, 347; XV, 371; Aischylos, _Prom._, 1005 (ὑπτιάσμασι χερῶν); etc. On the attitude of prayer in Greek art, see L. Gurlitt, _A. M._, VI, 1881, pp. 158 f. (who tries to show that the gestures of prayer and adoration were distinct); Sittl, _Die Gebaerden der Gr. und Roem._, pp. 305 f.; _cf._ Conze, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 1-13 (on the _Praying Boy_ of Berlin, Pl. 10.) See also Dar.-Sagl., I, pp. 80 f., _s. v._ _adoratio_. [998] V, 25. 5. [999] See article by P. Girard and J. Martha in _B. C. H._, II, 1878, pp. 421 f. (lists of inventories of objects consecrated there). [1000] Scherer, p. 33, shows that the gesture in such statues was meant to invoke victory rather than to pay thanks for one that had been gained. [1001] Scherer agrees with Philostratos, _Vit. Apoll. Tyan._, IV, 28, that the gesture of the right hand of the statue was one of prayer, and argues from it that many similar statues existed there: p. 31. Rouse wrongly assumes that all such statues were votive: p. 170. [1002] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 79 (= 464 B. C.): Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233. [1003] Ol. VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158. [1004] Fragm. no. 264 (= _F. H. G._, II, p. 183). [1005] Fragm. no. 7 (= _F. H. G._, IV, p. 307). [1006] Diagoras won in Ol. 79 (= 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 59; Foerster, 220; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 151 (renewed). For the sculptor of the statue, Kallikles, see Robert, _O. S._, pp. 194 f. On Diagoras, see van Gelder, _Gesch. d. alt. Rhodier_, p. 435. Akousilaos won in Ol. 83 (= 448 B. C.): P., _l. c._; _Oxy. Pap._; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252. [1007] _Beschr. d. Skulpt._, Inv. 6306; _A. M._, VI, 1881, p. 158. Rouse, p. 171, following Scherer, pp. 31 f., doubts if this statue represents the attitude of any of the Olympic victor statues. [1008] She won two victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 (= 396, 392 B. C.): P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160 (here the name appears in the uncontracted form Ἀπελλέας). [1009] _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, pp. 151-2 (on no. 301 = _Inschr. v. Ol._, 160); he is followed by Foerster, _l. c._ [1010] _H. N._, XXXIV, 86. [1011] XXXIV, 70. For the motive, see the small bronze in Kassel, representing Aphrodite: _Jb._, IX, 1894, Pl. IX (two views), and pp. 248-50 (W. Klein), though its connection with Praxiteles must not be pressed; also bronze statuette in British Museum: Bulle, 1, pp. 332 f., and fig. 81. [1012] Described by R. von Schneider, Die Erzstatue vom Helenenberge, in _Jahrb. d. Samml. d. oesterr. Kaiserhauses_, XV, 1893; illustrated by E. von Sacken, _Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz.- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien_, 1871, I, Pls. XXI-XXII, pp. 52 f., and _cf._ _A. M._, VI, 1881 p. 155 (Gurlitt). [1013] _Cf._ F. W., 1562. [1014] _C. I. L._, III, 2, 4815. [1015] _Mp._, p. 290; _Mw._, pp. 506-7. [1016] _Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt._, no. 2 (for history and bibliography); B. B., 283; von Mach, 273; Bulle, 64; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 459, 4; _cf._ Conze, _Jb._, I, 1886, pp. 1 f.; _ibid._, pp. 217 (Furtwaengler); _ibid._, pp. 219 f. (Puchstein); Springer-Michaelis, p. 341, fig. 614. A similar attitude of prayer appears on the figure of Phineus on a r.-f. Attic amphora in the British Museum: _A. Z._, XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 143 f. and Pl. XII, 1 (Flasch). The statue is 1.28 meters high (Bulle). [1017] Loewy, _R. M._, XVI, 1901, pp. 391 f. and Pls. XVI-XVII, by a comparison with the Vatican _Apoxyomenos_ (Pl. 29), and the Naples resting _Hermes_ (von Mach, 237; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 367, 1), has shown its Lysippan character; _cf._ also Mau, _l. c._ in next note, Bulle, and others, who refer it to the same school; Bulle assigns it possibly to Boëdas, the pupil of Lysippos, who made a praying figure: Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 73; similarly Amelung, in Thieme-Becker, _Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler_, IV, p. 187, Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 452, and others. [1018] _R. M._, XVII, 1902, pp. 101 f. [1019] _Muenchner Allg. Ztg._, 1902, Nov. 29, Beilage, no. 297; _cf._, for his restoration of the arms, _ibid._, 1903, Beilage, no. 277, p. 445 (quoted by von Mach and Bulle, respectively). [1020] _Jb._, I, 1886, fig. on p. 217; reproduced in _A. A._, 1904, p. 75 (Conze); also on coins, _Jb._, III, 1888, pp. 286 f. and Pl. IX (Imhoof-Blumer). [1021] _Rev. arch._, Sér. IV, II, 1903, pp. 205-10, 411-12 (Lechat), and Pl. XV; reproduced in _A. A._, _l. c._ Babelon, _C. R. Acad. Inscr._, 1904, p. 203, thought that the stele represented a seer in liturgic attitude as on certain coins of Sikyon; he argued, therefore, that the Berlin statue did not represent an athlete. [1022] _E. g._, Levezow, _de juvenis adorantis Signo_, Berlin, 1808, p. 12; and Welcker, _Das akad. Mus. zu Bonn_, p. 42 (quoted by Gurlitt, _op. cit._ in the next note, p. 157); _cf._ Scherer, pp. 32-3. [1023] _A. M._, VI, 1881, pp. 154 f. (Gurlitt), and Pl. V (from cast in Berlin): it is 2.18 meters high and 1.11 meters broad. [1024] In the National Museum, Athens; discussed by Kekulé, _Die antiken Bildwerke im Theseion zu Athen_, 1869, no. 151; illustrated in _Exped. scientifique de Morée_, III, 1838, Pl. XLI (= from Aegina). [1025] See O. Jahn in _Annali_, XX, 1848, pp. 213 f. and Pl. K a (= Orestes); _A. Z._, XXX, 1872, p. 60, Pl. 46 (Heydemann); Gurlitt, _op. cit._, p. 156; _cf._ Sophokles, _Aias_, 815 f., to explain the scene. [1026] See Richter, _Gk., Etrusc., and Rom. Bronz. in the Metropolitan Museum_, 1918, no. 89 (7 inches high) and fig. on p. 59; _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 115, fig. 73; published by Furtwaengler, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1905, II, p. 264, fig. 1 and Pl. IV (who considered it Etruscan and not Greek); Reinach, _Rép._, III, 24, 3. Richter, _op. cit._, no. 79 (11-3/4 inches high), and figs. on p. 53 (two views); _Cat. Class. Coll._, p. 91, fig. 54; _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, p. 46, no. 36, and Pl. LIII; Reinach, _Rép._, IV, 370, 6. [1027] On the custom of athletes smearing themselves with oil and dust in the palæstra before entering the wrestling match, see Lucian, _Anacharsis, sive de exercitationibus_, 28. [1028] _H. N._, XXXV, 144. [1029] Several cited by L. Bloch, _R. M._, VII, 1892, pp. 88 f.; and especially one in _A. Z._, XXXVII, 1879, Pl. IV (red-figured krater by Euthymides from Capua, now in Berlin); Hartwig, _Die griech. Meisterschalen_, 1893, p. 570. _Cf._ Furtw., _Mp._, p. 259, _Mw._, p. 466. [1030] _Cf._ Brunn, _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f. [1031] Michaelis, pp. 601-2, no. 9; Bulle, p. 109, fig. 19; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 257, fig. 107, _Mw._, p. 465, fig. 77. It is 1.68 meters high (Michaelis). [1032] It has the same foot position as that on the base of the statue of the boxer Kyniskos, by Polykleitos: _Inschr. v. Ol._, 149. [1033] _E. g._, by F. W., 462-4. [1034] Furtw.-Wolters, _Beschr. d. Glypt._,^2 no. 302; B. B., 132 (= front view, from cast), 134 (left = back view), 135 (= head, from cast, two views); Bulle, 55; _Mon. d. I._, XI, 1879-83, Pl. VII; Brunn, _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f. and Pl. ST, 1, 2; F. W., 462; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 522, 2; Clarac, V, 857, 2174; for replicas, Furtw., _Mw._, p. 466, n. 4 and _Mp._, p. 259, n. 4; Duetschke, IV, pp. 53 f. on no. 82; etc. It is 1.93 meters high with the plinth, 1.80 meters without (Furtw.-Wolters). [1035] The right arm is wrongly restored in the Munich statue; its proper restoration is given in a cast in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 112, fig.