Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art by Walter Woodburn Hyde

[1077] Ueber die Bronzestatue des sog. Idolino (_49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889), p. 10. He classed it stylistically with the _Oil-pourer_ of Munich and the _Standing Diskobolos_ of the Vatican, which Brunn had called Myronic. He later, however, renounced his Myronic theory and merely called it Attic, because of its resemblance to figures on the Parthenon frieze: _Beilage zu den amtlichen Berichten aus den k. Kunstsamml._, XVIII, no. 5, Juli, 1897, p. 73 (quoted by Richardson, p. 161, n. 8). [1078] _Festschr. f. Benndorf_, p. 175: here he assigns it not to Myron himself, but to his son. [1079] II, p. 30; he also admits its Polykleitan features. [1080] _Polyklet u. s. Sch._, pp. 70 f., 1902; he assigns it to an artist of the master’s circle. [1081] _Mp._, 286; _Mw._, p. 500. [1082] _Cronaca_, pp. 29-30, fig. 2 (= _Supplemento di Bolletino d’Arte_, Roma, XII, Fasic. V-VIII) 1918 (Lucia Mariani). _Cf._ review in _A. J. A._, XXIII, 1919, p. 319 and fig. 2; and also Mariani, _Rend. della Reale Accad. dei Lincei_, XXVI, 1918, pp. 125-138, and fig. in text. [1083] Matz-Duhn, _Ant. Bildw._, no. 1111; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 287; _Mw._, p. 502. [1084] See material collected by Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la commiss. impér. archéol._, St. Petersburg, 1873; _cf._ Fritze, _de Libatione veterum Graecorum_, Berl. Diss., 1893. [1085] II, pp. 416 f. [1086] No. 2723; Svoronos, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXI (CI is a poor copy of it); Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 240-242 (0.45 meter high; 0.57 meter broad). Staïs also regards it as an _ex voto_ to Herakles. [1087] It is broken away, but its outline is clear. [1088] Kabbadias, 248; Staïs, _op. cit._, p. 86; Arndt-Bruckmann, _Einzelaufnahmen_, 627 and 628 (head alone); noticed in _A. A._, 1889, p. 147, and _A. M._, XIII, 1888, p. 231 (Wolters); _ibid._, XXXI, 1906, pp. 352 f. (von Salis); _Jb._, VIII, 1893, pp. 224 f., fig. 3 (restored), and Pl. IV (Mayer). It may be one of the statues seen by Pausanias in the temenos: I, 18.6. It is 1.50 meters high without the plinth (Mayer). [1089] Furtwaengler, _Mw._, p. 378, n. 3 (_cf._ _Mp._, p. 196, n. 1), p. 685, n. 2 and p. 737; he ascribes it to Kalamis or his school. [1090] _H. N._, XXXIV, 81; statue also mentioned, _ibid._, XXII, 44. [1091] In the National Museum, no. 12; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 362, 363 and fig. (0.09 meter high); three photographs, _A. M._, XXXI, Pl. XXII; a poor photograph in Carapanos, _Dodone et ses ruines_, 1878, Pl. XIV, 3, and p. 186. [1092] In the statuette it is bent, but its original horizontal position is indicated by the position of the hand. [1093] Two copies: Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. koenigl. Antikensamml._,^4 1881, nos. 70, 88; F. W., 1217; Furtw., _Mp._, pp., 310-11, figs. 131-2; _Mw._, pp. 534-5, figs. 97-8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 314, fig. 562; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 5-6; M. W., II, 39, 459; Clarac, IV, 712, 1695. [1094] Listed, _Mp._, p. 310, n. 2; _Mw._, p. 533, n. 3; one, formerly in the Museo Boncompagni-Ludovisi, now in the Museo delle Terme, in Rome: Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 139, 7; B. B., 376; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1308; Collignon, II, p. 265, fig. 131; von Mach, 197. The original must have been of bronze. [1095] _H. N._, XXXIV, 69. For discussion, see F. W., note on p. 421 (to no. 1217). [1096] In the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 297; Amelung, _Vat._, I, p. 509 and II, Pl. 53; Clarac, 479, 916. [1097] _Cf._ _Beschr. d. Skulpt. zu Berlin_, no. 44; a poor torso of the type is in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican: Amelung, _Vat._, no. 295 and Pl. 52; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 1, 173, 2. [1098] Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24; _Specimens_, I, Pl. 30; _Mp._, p. 163, fig. 65 (front), p. 162, fig. 64 (profile), from an old cast from the Mengs Collection in Dresden; _Mw._, Pl. XVI; other replicas, _Mp._, p. 161, n. 3. [1099] _Cat. Class. Coll._, pp. 214-17, and fig. 130 on p. 215. [1100] _H. N._, XXXIV, 76: _Ctesilaus doryphoron et Amazonem volneratam (fecit)_. Bergk long ago proposed to alter this name to Kresilas (_Zeitschr. fuer Alterthumswissensch._, 1845, p. 962), and was followed by Brunn (I, p. 261)—an emendation accepted by most recent investigators. The argument derived from the _Amazon_ of Kresilas, mentioned by Pliny, XXXIV, 53, and apparently repeated in the present passage, is strong. Jex-Blake, however, finds the name Ktesilaos a good Greek formation, though uncommon: see his note on p. 62. [1101] _Mp._, pp. 161 f.; _Mw._, pp. 332 f. [1102] It is plainly visible in the example from Petworth House, and in the poor one lately in the possession of the Roman dealer Abbati: B. B., 84 (from cast); _Bull. del. Inst._, 1867, p. 33 (Helbig); _Mon. d. I._, IX, 1869-73, Pl. XXXVI; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, pp. 279 f. (Conze); it is also visible in the New York copy. [1103] As on an Attic fifth-century B. C. grave-relief from the Peiræus: Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, p. 157 (who gives the height as 0.45 meter and the breadth as 0.32 meter); von Sybel, _Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen_, 1881, no. 171; _Annali_, XXXIV, 1862, p. 212; Conze, _Die Attischen Grabreliefs_, no. 929 and Pl. CLXXX; F. W., 1017; for similar reliefs, see _Annali_, 1862, Pl. M. [1104] Michaelis wrongly dated the original in the fourth century B. C.; Brunn first recognized its fifth-century character: _Annali_, XLVII, 1875, p. 31 (_apud_ Leop. Julius). [1105] _Ant. Denkm._, I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV; B. B., no. 248; Bulle, 167; Collignon, II, p. 492, fig. 256; Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1350; _Guide_, 1051; Hekler, _Greek and Roman Portraits_, 1912, pp. 85-86; Gardner, _Hbk._, p. 536, fig. 146; Amelung, _Museums and Ruins of Rome_, I, fig. 156; _Not. Scav._, 1885, p. 223; _Gaz. B.-A._, XXXIII, Pér. 2, I, 1886, fig. on p. 427; Springer-Michaelis, p. 401, fig. 743; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 550, 10; Reinach classes it as an athlete or Herakles. It is 1.28 meters high (Bulle). [1106] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 254-5. [1107] For this reason Helbig wrongly assigned it to about 400 B. C. [1108] _Ueber die griech. Portraetkunst_, 1894, pp. 12 f. (and fig.). [1109] XXVII, 9. [1110] _Philologus_, LVII (N. F., XI), pp. 1 f. and 649 f. Kleitomachos won in Ols. 141, 142 (= 216, 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.3; Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476. _Cf._ Suidas, _s. v._ Κλειτόμαχος. His statue was set up by his father, and his victory sung by Alkaios of Messenia: _A. G._, IX, 588. [1111] _Cf._ Petersen, _R. M._, XIII, 1898, pp. 93-5; this theory of Wunderer is also rejected by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 609. [1112] Erected about 477 B. C.; Bulle, 84 (_Aristogeiton_) and 85 (_Harmodios_); etc. [1113] Discussed _infra_, Ch. IV, pp. 220-1 and n. 5 on p. 220. [1114] See Stephanos, _Lex._, _s. vv._ ταινία, ταινίδιον, ταινόω. This victor fillet is mentioned by Lucian in reference to the _Diadoumenos_ of Polykleitos: _Philops._, 18. [1115] Xen., _Symp._, V, 9; Plato, _Symp._, 212 E; it appears often on statues of Dionysos: _e. g._, on one in Furtwaengler’s _Samml. Sabouroff_, Pl. XXIII; Dionysos is called Χρυσομίτρης in Soph., _Oed. Tyr._, 209. The fillet was used as a breast-band for women’s dresses: Pollux, VII, 65; etc. [1116] _J. H. S._, I, 1880, p. 177. In older days the athletic fillet was called μίτρα (Lat. _mitella_): Pindar, _Ol._, IX, 84; _Isthm._, V, 62 (of wool); Boeckh, _Explic. ad Pind._, p. 193. In the Iliad μίτρα was the kilt or apron worn around the waist under the cuirass (a ζωστήρ being worn outside): IV, 137; IV, 187; V, 857; etc. It was used also later as a wrestler’s girdle: _A. G._, XV, 44; and for women’s headbands: Alkm., I; _cf._ Eurip., _Bacchae_, 833. Athletes on vase-paintings representing palæstra scenes often wear the fillet: _e. g._, the wrestlers and other athletes on the Philadelphia r.-f. kylix pictured in Fig. 50, have red bands in their hair. Later the μίτρα was specially used of women; if of men, it was a sign of effeminacy: Aristoph., _Thesmophoriazusae_, 163. The home of the μίτρα appears to have been Asia, as it was commonly worn by Asiatics: see Hdt., I, 195; VII, 62 (headdress); Virgil, _Aen._, IV, 216. We learn from Alkman that it came from Lydia to Greece: fragm. 23, verses 67 f. On it, see Bekker, _Charikles_, II, pp. 393 f., and Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, p. 2033 (Bremer). [1117] See F. W., on 322. It appears on the “Apollo” type of early sculpture, _e. g._, on the “Apollo” of Orchomenos (Fig. 7). [1118] _Stud. z. Parthenon_, 1902, pp. 1 f. [1119] VI, 2.2; Lichas won the chariot victory in Ol. 90 (= 420 B. C.): Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270. [1120] P., V, 11.1. [1121] Bulle, no. 207; Furtw.-Wolters, _Besch._,^2 457; B. B., 8; here it was inlaid with silver. [1122] This may, however, be merely the remains of a wreath of gold: see Rayet, II, text to no. 67 (J. Martha). [1123] Bulle, no. 202; Lechat, p. 482, fig. 44. It is 0.23 meter high (Bulle). [1124] _Bildw. v. Ol._, Tafelbd., Pl. LIV; F. W., 322; Wolters thinks this is scarcely a victor fillet. [1125] This head, in the possession of Lord Leconfield, is a replica of the same original as the one in the Metropolitan Museum (Pl. 15); Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24. See discussion _supra_, pp. 144-5. [1126] Noted by Furtw., _Mp._, p. 161. [1127] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 89 (= 424 B. C.): Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796. [1128] _A. M._, XIX, 1894, pp. 137-9 (J. Ziehen); fig. in text. It is now in the Museum of the Peiræus Gymnasion. [1129] On such representations in art, see Stephani, _Comptes rendus de la commission impériale archéologique_, St. Petersburg, 1874, pp. 214-16. [1130] Παῖς ἀναδούμενος: VI, 4.5; _S. Q._, 757. [1131] _Hermes_, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; P., V, 11.3. Robert is followed by Kalkmann, _Pausanias der Perieget_, 1886, pp. 90 f. [1132] _Cf._ Frazer, IV, p. 11. Figures of athletes appear beneath the throne on vases: Overbeck, _Griech. Kunstmythol._, Pl. I, 9 and 16; Gerhard, I, Pl. VII. Flasch has tried to show that the throne figure did not represent Pantarkes: Baum., II, p. 1099, 2; _cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, 1890, p. 380. [1133] VI, 10.6. Pantarkes won the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 86 (= 436 B. C.): Hyde, 98; Foerster, 254. [1134] Amongst others it has been assumed by Loeschke, Der Tod des Pheidias (in _Histor. Untersuch. zum Schaefer-Jubilaeum_, Bonn, 1882), p. 36; Schoell, _Sitzb. Muen. Akad._, 1888, I, p. 37 (Der Prozess des Pheidias). Foerster, p. 19, n. 1, is against the identification. The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is omitted in my victor lists (_de olympionicarum Statuis_). [1135] The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is mentioned between victors nos. 38 and 39, _i. e._, in the Zone of the _Eretrian Bull_, while Pantarkes (98) is mentioned among the statues in the Zone of the _Chariots_: see _infra_, Ch. VIII, pp. 343 and 345, and Plans A and B. [1136] _Cf._ Gurlitt, _Ueber Pausanias_, pp. 378 f. [1137] _Cf._ Doerpfeld, _Baudenkmaeler v. Ol._, p. 21 and n. 1; Furtw., _Mp._, pp. 39-40; Frazer, _l. c._ [1138] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 501; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. VI; B. B., 271; Bulle, 49; von Mach, 117; Springer-Michaelis, p. 259, fig. 461; F. W., 509; _Annali_, L, 1878, Pl. A and pp. 20 f. (two views) (Michaelis); Clarac, V, 858 C, 2189 A; M. W., I, Pl. 31, fig. 136; Reinach, _Rép._, I, 524, 2. The palm-trunk shows that the Roman artist intended to represent a victor in his copy. It is 4 ft. 10.25 in. high (Smith); 1.48 meters (Bulle). [1139] Brunn, following older writers such as Winckelmann, had pronounced it Polykleitan: _Annali_, LI, 1879, pp. 218 f.; _cf._ Murray, I, pp. 313 f. and Pl. IX. Kekulé called it Myronian: _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, p. 12; Gardner, _Sculpt._, p. 128, finds it unrelated to Polykleitos and defends its Attic origin. Everything about it—except the mode of tying the fillet—differs from the copies of Polykleitos’ statue, and especially the pose. Against Brunn’s view, see Michaelis, _Annali_, LV, 1883, pp. 154 f. [1140] So Bulle, Arndt (text to B. B., 271), Furtwaengler (_Mp._, pp. 244-5; _Mw._, pp. 444-5), Zimmerman (in Knackfuss-Zimmermann, _Kunstgesch. des Altertums und des Mittelalters_, I, p. 152), and many others. [1141] _Cf._ especially the resemblance of the statue to the youth on the West frieze: Michaelis, _Der Parthenon_, Pl. V, no. 9. [1142] Pliny, _H. N._, XXXIV, 55, praises it equally with the _Doryphoros_, and says that 100 talents were paid for it; in another passage he says that a like sum was paid by King Attalos for a picture of Dionysos by the Theban painter Aristeides: _ibid._, VII, 126; _cf._ XXXV, 24 and 100. A painting by Timomachos of Byzantium brought 80 talents: _ibid._, XXXV, 136. [1143] _H. N._, XXXIV, 56; here he quotes Varro, who was drawing probably from Xenokrates of Sikyon: see Jex-Blake, pp. xvi f. [1144] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 239 f.; the torsos, by Petersen, _B. com. Rom._, 1890, pp. 185 f. [1145] _B. M. Sculpt._, I, no. 500; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. IV; B. B., 272; von Mach, 114; F. W., 508; _Mon. d. I._, X, 1874-78, Pl. XLIX (3 views); Rayet, I, Pl. 30; Collignon I, p. 479, fig. 253; Murray, I, Pl. X; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 5. Michaelis, by a comparison with the _Doryphoros_, first showed that it was a copy of the _Diadoumenos_: _Annali_, L, 1878, pp. 10 f. It is 6 ft. 1 in. tall (Smith). [1146] Kabbadias, no. 1826; Bulle, 50; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 35; von Mach, 115; _Mon. Piot_, III, 1896, pp. 137 f. (Couve), and Pls. XIV and XV; Staïs, _Marbres et Bronzes_, pp. 84-85 and fig.; _B. C. H._, XIX, 1895, pp. 460 f. (account of the Delian excavations by L. Couve) and Pl. VIII (the statue in its surroundings at the excavations); Springer-Michaelis, p. 277, fig. 498; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 547, 9. It is 1.86 meters high without the base (Couve). [1147] Discussed _supra_, on pp. 92-3. [1148] _Mon. Piot_, IV, Pls. VIII-IX; von Mach, no. 116 a; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 241, fig. 98; _Mw._, p. 439, fig. 68 (who called it the most beautiful of all the copies); Reinach, _Rép._, I, 475, 6. The right arm is wrongly restored. [1149] Listed by Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 240-2; _cf._ Gardner, _Sculpt._, pp. 125 f. [1150] Hettner, _Die Bildw. d. Antikensamml. zu Dresden_, pp. 80 and 86; _Annali_, XLIII, 1871, Pl. V, pp. 281 f. (Conze); Furtw., _Mp._, Pls. X and XI; _Mw._, Pl. XXV; Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 36 (two views); F. W., 511. [1151] B. B., no. 340; Conze, _Beitraege zur Geschichte d. griech. Pl._^2, 1869, pp. 3 f., Pl. 2 (two views); F. W., 510. [1152] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 2729 (Addenda); _Mon. Piot_, III, p. 145 (Couve); _ibid._, IV, p. 73 (Paris); Gardner, _Sculpt._, Pl. 37. [1153] _J. H. S._, VI, 1885, pp. 243 f. (Murray), and Pl. LXI. [1154] _J. H. S._, XXXIX, 1919, pp. 69 f., and Pl. 1 (two views), and p. 232 (with illustration of the palmette head-band). [1155] _Mp._, p. 246, fig. 99 (with original head); _Mw._, p. 447, fig. 69. [1156] Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A (headless); it is 1.49 meters high (Michaelis). He believes that it originally was an oil-pourer. [1157] _Mp._, p. 246; _Mw._, p. 448. It is 12 centimeters high (Furtwaengler). [1158] κοτίνου στέφανος, P., VIII, 48.2; _cf._ _A. G._, IX, 357; Aristoph., _Plut._, 586; Theophr., _Hist. Plant._, IV, 13.2. The custom of using the olive crown is probably very ancient, despite Phlegon’s statement that it was introduced in Ol. 7 (= 752 B. C.): frag. 1 (= _F. H. G._, III, p. 604). Pindar says that it was introduced from the land of the Hyperboreans by Herakles: _Ol._, III, 14 f; Bacchylides calls it Aetolian: VII, 50 (γλαυκὸν Αἰτωλίδος ἄνδημ’ ἐλαίας). It probably goes back to some form of popular magic. [1159] B. B., no. 324; here small leaves are still remaining over the forehead. [1160] _Bronz. v. Ol._, II, 2 and 2 a. Here the leaves have disappeared. See pp. 254-5. [1161] _B. C. H._, V, 1881, Pl. III, text, pp. 65 f. (Pottier). Here is listed a number of funerary reliefs representing athletes, which list could easily be enlarged. [1162] Helbig, _Fuehrer_, II, 1241; _Guide_, 977. On the motive, see _Archaeol. Studien H. Brunn dargebr._, 1893, pp. 62 f. [1163] The λημνίσκος (Lat. _lemniscus_) was merely the woolen fillet by which chaplets were fastened on; Hesychios says it is a Syracusan word; in any case it is used only by Roman writers and Greek writers of the Roman age; _A. G._, XII, 123; Plut., _Sulla_, 27; Polyb., XVIII, 46 (where στέφανοι and λημνίσκοι are differentiated, though they are usually interchangeable); _C. I. G._, III, 5361; _C. I. A._, III, 74. Pliny says that it was of Etruscan origin, _H. N._, XXI, 4, and that it was at first made of wool or linden-bark and later of gold; _cf._ XVI, 25. It was used at Rome at feasts, as a sign of special honor to guests: Plaut., _Pseudolus_, (line 1265); Livy, XXXIII, 33.2; Suet., _Nero_, 25. For the Roman use of the _lemniscus_ for athletic victors and poets, _cf._ Cicero, _Or. pro Sext. Roscio Amerino_, 35, 100; Ausonius, _Epist._, XX, 6; etc. On the _lemniscus_, see Dar.-Sagl., III, 2, pp. 1099-1100. [1164] _R. M._, VI, 1891, p. 304, no. 3. [1165] _Mon. Piot_, XVII, 1909, Pls. II, III and pp. 29 f. (Merlin and Poinssot). [1166] _B. M. Sculpt._, III, no. 1754; B. B., 46; _Marbles and Bronzes_, Pl. XXII; Collignon, I, fig. 255, on p. 500; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 252, fig. 105; _Mw._, p. 457, fig. 75 (back view); Springer-Michaelis, p. 275, fig. 495; Reinach, _Rép._, II, 2, 546, 9. It is 4 ft. 11 in. high (Smith), _i. e._, 1.48 meters. [1167] Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, no. 99, Pls. 38 and 38 a; _id._, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083; sketches of the Westmacott and Barracco copies in Kekulé, _49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr._, 1889, Pl. IV. [1168] No. 254; _Arch. Eph._, 1890, pp. 207 f. (Philios) and Pls. X and XI. Bulle, 51, gives the Westmacott and Barracco examples side by side; in _J. H. S._, XXXI, 1911, Pl. II, we have the Westmacott, Barracco, and Eleusis copies together. Furtwaengler, _Mp._, pp. 250 f., _Mw._, pp. 453 f., Helbig, _Cat. Coll. Barracco_, p. 36, and Petersen, _R. M._, VIII, 1893, pp. 101 f., have added many more torsos and heads as copies or variants of the original. [1169] See Helbig, _Fuehrer_, I, 1083. Its soft expression and forms led Furtwaengler to derive it from the Praxitelean circle, from the period when Praxiteles was influenced by Polykleitos, and to believe that it represented a divinity, perhaps Triptolemos: _Mp._, p. 255 and n. 2. [1170] _Burlington Fine Arts Club, Catalogue Anc. Gk. Art_, 1904, no. 45, Pl. XXXIII; Furtw., _Mp._, p. 251, fig. 103; _Mw._, p. 454, fig.