The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica : A handbook containing…

George Fleming and James MacQueen. In the articles on diseases there will be found accounts of the latest methods of diagnosis and treatment, as, for example, the Calmette eye-test in tubercular diseases, serum treatment and its latest developments, vaccine therapy, etc. [Sidenote: Therapeutics] The general article THERAPEUTICS (Vol. 26, p. 793), by Dr. Sir Lauder Brunton, consulting physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, author of _Modern Therapeutics_, etc., not only discusses both rational and empirical therapeutics, but, taking up the different parts of the body considers in detail the therapeutic measures most commonly employed in the treatment of disease. The subjects of ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS (Vol. 9, p. 249); BATHS (Vol. 3, p. 514); BALNEOTHERAPEUTICS (Vol. 3, p. 284); HYDROPATHY (Vol. 14, p. 165); AEROTHERAPEUTICS (Vol. 1, p. 270); MASSAGE (Vol. 17, p. 863) and X-RAY TREATMENT (Vol. 28, p. 887) have separate articles devoted to them. The last is by Dr. H. L. Jones, clinical lecturer on medical electricity at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London. In connection with the subject of therapeutics, mention must be made of PHARMACOLOGY (Vol. 21, p. 347), by Professor Stockman of the University of Glasgow, in which will be found an interesting history of drugs, and a classification into 28 groups with a description of the effect of each remedy. To this valuable material Dr. H. L. Hennessy has added a section, _Terminology in Therapeutics_ (p. 352)—a general explanation of the common names used in the classification of drugs. The list at the end of this chapter indicates the separate articles on drugs and on materials from which the principal drugs are obtained. [Sidenote: Surgery] Dr. Charles Creighton of King’s College, Cambridge, writes on the history of SURGERY (Vol. 26, p. 125) and the famous English Surgeon, Dr. Edmund Owen the section _Modern Practice of Surgery_ (p. 129) in which are discussed antiseptic and aseptic surgery, drainage tubes, bloodless operations, Röntgen rays, use of radium, etc. The article SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES (Vol. 26, p. 132) is fully illustrated. Dr. Owen also contributes articles on the surgery of the different organs, the article BONE, _Diseases and Injuries_ (Vol. 4, p. 200) and many accounts of diseases and disorders that come within the province of the surgeon, such as APPENDICITIS (Vol. 2, p. 217); PERITONITIS (Vol. 21, p. 171); HERNIA (Vol. 13, p. 372); FISTULA (Vol. 10, p. 438); VARICOSE VEINS (Vol. 27, p. 920), and HAEMORRHOIDS (Vol. 12, p. 805). Sir Alexander R. Simpson, emeritus professor of midwifery and the diseases of women and children, University of Edinburgh, writes on OBSTETRICS (Vol. 19, p. 962); Dr. Louis Courtauld, formerly research scholar, Middlesex Hospital Cancer Laboratories, on TUMOUR (Vol. 27, p. 370); Dr. Arthur Shadwell, of the Epidemiological Society, on CANCER, with a special account of cancer research; and H. C. Crouch, teacher of anaesthetics at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London, on ANAESTHESIA AND ANAESTHETICS (Vol. 1, p. 907). [Sidenote: Medical Biographies] A most interesting, unusual and instructive course of reading on the history and development of medicine may be based on the biographical articles alone. In AESCULAPIUS (Vol. 1, p. 276) we learn how the gods of Greece effected cures. The life story of HIPPOCRATES (Vol. 13, p. 518) is worthy of note, for the “medical art as we now practice it, the character of the physician as we now understand it,” both date from him. For information about the theory that disease originated from an irregular or inharmonious motion of the body corpuscles we turn to ASCLEPIADES (Vol. 2, p. 722). An account of the man “out of whom the greater part of medicine has flowed” is found in GALEN (Vol. 11, p. 398). The biography of the great Arab physician and philosopher AVICENNA (Vol. 3, p. 62) should not be overlooked, nor the story of the revolt of PARACELSUS (Vol. 20, p. 749). Important and interesting, too, are the biographies of HARVEY, WILLIAM (Vol. 13, p. 42); SYDENHAM, THOMAS (Vol. 26, p. 277), the father of English medicine, and HALLER, A. VON (Vol. 12, p. 855), whose work marks the beginning of modern physiology. The work of MORGAGNI (Vol. 18, p. 831) in pathological anatomy marks an epoch in medicine, and the description in CULLEN, WILLIAM (Vol. 7, p. 616) of his new doctrine of “irritability” possesses a distinct interest. The accounts of JENNER, EDWARD (Vol. 15, p. 319), HUNTER, JOHN (Vol. 13, p. 939) and HAHNEMANN, S.C.F. (Vol. 12, p. 819) describe momentous events in the history of medicine at the close of the 18th century, while among the great names of the 19th will be found the chemist PASTEUR (Vol. 20, p. 892), KOCH, ROBERT (Vol. 15, p. 885), LISTER (Vol. 16, p. 777) and VIRCHOW, RUDOLF (Vol. 28, p. 110). [Sidenote: The Allied Sciences] It has already been noted that the Britannica will prove an invaluable help to medical specialists in fields of knowledge other than their own. The regret is often expressed by physicians that it is not easy for them to study subjects outside their profession, even when these are closely connected with their work. It is, unfortunately, only too true, that material for such study is not readily available. But with so complete a work of reference at his disposal, and with its highly authentic information skillfully compressed into reasonable space, the medical man now enjoys a magnificent opportunity to obtain a full acquaintance with many subjects that he knows will assist him in the work. It would be impossible to name all the articles here, but the alphabetical list at the end of this chapter includes them, and the attention of the physician and surgeon is directed to BACTERIOLOGY (Vol. 3, p. 156), by the late Prof. H. M. Ward of Cambridge and Prof. V. H. Blackman of the University of Leeds, and especially the section _Pathological Importance_ (p. 171), which Prof. Robert Muir of Glasgow University has written; BIOLOGY (Vol. 3, p. 954), a classic article by the late Professor Huxley, revised and brought up-to-date by Dr. P. Chalmers Mitchell; HEREDITY (Vol. 13, p. 350), also by Dr. Mitchell; MENDELISM (Vol. 18, p. 115), a brilliant study of the foundations of an exact knowledge of the physiological process of heredity, by Prof. R. C. Punnett of Cambridge; EVOLUTION (Vol. 10, p. 22) and LONGEVITY (Vol. 16, p. 974), both by Dr. Mitchell; NUTRITION (Vol. 19, p. 921), by Prof. D. N. Paton and Dr. E. P. Cathcart of Glasgow University; DIETETICS (Vol. 8, p. 214), by the world-famous authority on this subject, the late Prof. W. O. Atwater, and R. D. Milner, formerly of the U. S. Dept, of Agriculture; VEGETARIANISM (Vol. 27, p. 967), by Dr. Josiah Oldfield, senior physician to the Lady Margaret Fruitarian Hospital, Bromley; CLIMATE _in the Treatment of Disease_ (Vol. 6, p. 526); ACCLIMATIZATION (Vol. 1, p. 114), by the renowned scientist, Dr. A. Russel Wallace; a very complete and up-to-date article on VIVISECTION (Vol. 28, p. 153), by Dr. Stephen Paget; PSYCHOLOGY (Vol. 22, p. 547), by Prof. James Ward of Cambridge; PSYCHICAL RESEARCH (Vol. 22, p. 544), by Andrew Lang, which is the key to a series of 25 remarkably interesting articles covering the entire subject; HYPNOTISM (Vol. 14, p. 201); FAITH HEALING (Vol. 10, p. 135); SUGGESTION (Vol. 26, p. 48); PHRENOLOGY (Vol. 21, p. 534), by Professor Macalister of Cambridge; TEMPERANCE (Vol. 26, p. 578), by Dr. Arthur Shadwell; MICROSCOPE (Vol. 18, p. 392); BLINDNESS, _Causes and Prevention_ (Vol. 4, p. 60), by Sir Francis J. Cambell, principal Royal Normal College for the Blind, London; DEAF AND DUMB (Vol. 7, p. 880), by Rev. A. H. Payne, formerly of the National Deaf Mute College, Washington. The subject of DENTISTRY (Vol. 8, p. 50) is covered by the highest American authority, Dr. Edward C. Kirk, of the University of Pennsylvania, and a full account of the anatomy of the teeth will be found under TEETH (Vol. 26, p. 499), by Dr. F. G. Parsons. It is, however, in connection with bacteriology, chemistry, metallurgy, mechanics and other subjects with which the dentist is concerned, rather than in connection with the technics of his profession, that he will desire to make use of the Britannica. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA OF SPECIAL INTEREST AND IMPORTANCE TO MEMBERS OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION Abano, Pietro d’. Abattoir Abdomen Abercrombie, J. Abercromby, D. Abercromby, P. Abernethy, J. Abortion Abscess Abscission Abu-l-qasim Acclimatization Acetic Acid Ackermann, J. C. G. Acland, Sir H. W. Acne Aconite Acromegaly Acron Actinomycosis Acupressure Acupuncture Adam’s Apple Addison’s Disease Adenoids Adolescence Adulteration Aegineta, Paulus Aerotherapeutics Aesculapius Aetius Agnew, David Hayes Ague Ala Albumin, or Albumen Albuminuria Alcohol Aldehydes Alexander of Tralles Alienist Alimentary Canal Aloe Alum Amaurosis Ambulance Amman, J. C. Amman, Paul Ammonia Amuck, Running Amyl Nitrite Anabolism Anaemia Anaesthesia and Anaesthetics Anatomy Anderson, Elizabeth G. Anel, Dominique Aneurysm, or Aneurism Angina Pectoris Animal Heat Anise Ankle Ankylosis Ankylostomiasis Anodyne Anthrax Antipyrine Antiseptics Aphasia Aphemia Apnoea Aponeurosis Apophysis Apoplexy Apothecary Appendicitis Apyrexia Araroba Powder Aretaeus Arm Arnica Arnott, Neil Arrowroot Arsenic Arteries Arthritis Articulation Arytenoid Asafetida Ascites Asclepiades Aselli, or Asselio, Gasparo Asphyxia Asthma Astruc, Jean Athetosis Athletic Sports Atrophy Aurelianus Caelius Auscultation Autopsy Avenzoar Baby-farming Bacteriology Baldinger, E. G. Baldness Balneotherapeutics Balsam Barthez, P. J. Bartholinus, Gaspard Baths Beddoes, Thomas Bedlam, or Bethelem Hospital Bedsore Bell, Sir Charles Bell, John Belladonna Bellini, Lorenzo Bence-Jones, Henry Bennett, John Hughes Benzoic Acid Benzoin Beri-Beri Bernard, Claude Bert, P. Bhang Bibirine Bichat, M. F. X. Bilharziosis Billroth, A. C. T. Biology Bismuth Blackwater Fever Bladder Bladder and Prostate Diseases Blane, Sir Gilbert Blindness Blister Blood Blood-letting Boerhaave, Hermann Boil Bone Borax Borelli, G. A. Boric, or Boracic Acid Bow-leg Boyer, Alexis Brain Brasdor, Pierre Breast Bright’s Disease Brocklesby, Richard Brodie, Sir B. C. Bromine Bronchiectasis Bronchitis Bronchotomy Broussais, F. J. V. Brown, John Brown-Séquard, C. E. Bunion Burdon-Sanderson, Sir John S. Burns and Scalds Busk, George Cabanis, P. J. G. Caesarean Section Caffeine Caisson Disease Cajuput Oil Calabar Bean Caldani, L. M. A. Calomel Camphors Cancer, or Carcinoma Cantharides Capsicum Carbolic Acid, or Phenol Carbonic Acid Carbuncle Cartilage Carus, K. G. Castor Oil Catabolism Catalepsy Catarrh Catechu Caul Caustic Cephalic Index Chadwick, Sir Edwin Chamomile Charcot, Jean Martin Charity and Charities Chemistry Cheselden, William Chicken-pox Chilblains Chirurgeon Chloral Chlorates Chloroform Cholera Christison, Sir Robert Cinchona Clark, Sir Andrew Clark, Sir James Clay, Charles Cleft Palate and Hare-Lip Climacteric Climate Clinic Clot, A. B. Club-foot Coal-tar Coca, or Cuca Cocaine Cock, Edward Cod-Liver Oil Coelom and Serous Membranes Colchicum Colic Collodion Colon Colt’s Foot Coma Combe, Andrew Connective Tissues Connor, Bernard Conolly, John Constipation Convulsions Cooper, Sir Astley P. Copaiba Corn Cornaro, Luigi Coroner Corpulence Corrosive Sublimate Craniometry Cramp Crèche Cremation Creosote Cretinism Croton Oil Croup Cruveilhier, Jean Cubebs Cullen, William Cupping Curling, T. B. Dandelion Death Delirium Dengue Dentistry Desault, P. J. Dextrine Diabetes Diaphoretics Diaphragm Diarrhoea Dietary Dietetics Digestive Organs Digitalis Dilatation Dill Diphtheria Dipsomania Disinfectants Diuretics Dropsy Drowning and Life Saving Drug Drunkenness DuBois-Reymond, Emil Duchenne, G. B. A. Ductless Glands Dupuytren, G., baron Dwarf Dysentery Dyspepsia Ear Eczema Elaterium Elbow Electrocution Electrotherapeutics Elephantiasis Elixir Elliotson, John Embalming Embryology Emetics Emphysema Empyema Enteritis Epilepsy Epistaxis Epithelial, Endothelial and Glandular Tissues Epsom Salts Equilibrium Ergot, or Spurred Rye Erichsen, Sir John E. Erysipelas Esmarch, J. F. A. von Esquirol, J. E. D. Ether Ethyl Chloride Ettmüller, Michael Eucalyptus Eugenics Eugenol Euphorbium Evolution Excretion Extract Eye Fabricius, Hieronymus Face Faith Healing Fallopius, or Fallopio, Gabriello Fusel Oil Fauces Favus Fayrer, Sir Joseph Fergusson, Sir William Fermentation Fernel, Jean François Feuchtersleben, E. von Fever Fibrin Filariasis Finger Fistula Flint, Austin Floyer, Sir John Food Foot Foot-and-mouth Disease Forbes, Sir John Formalin, or Formaldehyde Formic Acid Forster, John C. Foster, Sir Michael Fothergill, John Foundling Hospitals Fracastoro, Girolamo Freind, John Friendly Societies Frostbite Fructose, or Fruit Sugar Fumigation Galangal Galbanum Galen Gall Gallic Acid Galvani, Luigi Gamboge Gangrene Gastric Ulcer Gastritis Gelsemium Giant Ginseng Glanders, or Farcy Glauber’s Salt Glycerin, or Glycerol Goitre Good, John Mason Goodsir, John Gout Gräfe, Albrecht von Gräfe, K. F. von Graham, Sylvester Guaco, Huaco, or Guao Guaiacum Guarana Guinea-worm Gull, Sir William W. Gymnastics Gynaecology Haematocele Haemophilia Haemorrhage Haemorrhoids Hahnemann, S. C. F. Hall, Marshall Haller, Albrecht von Hallucination Hammer-toe Hand Hart, Earnest Abraham Hartshorn, Spirits of Harvey, William Hashish Hawkins, Caesar Henry Hay Fever Head Health Heart Heberden, William Heel Henle, F. G. J. Hernia Herpes Hewett, Sir Prescott G. Hilton, John Hinton, James Hip Hippocrates Hippuric Acid Hoffmann, Friedrich Holland, Sir Henry Homoeopathy Hop Horehound Hospital Hufeland, C. W. Humane Society, Royal Hunger and Thirst Hunter, John Hunter, William Hutchinson, Sir J. Hydrastine Hydrocele Hydrocephalus Hydrochloric Acid Hydropathy Hydrophobia, or Rabies Hygiene Hypertrophy Hypnotism Hypochondriasis Hysteria Iatrochemistry Ibn Usaibi’a Icthyosis Illegitimacy Imbecile Incubation and Incubators Infancy Influenza Insanity Insomnia Intestinal Obstruction Intestine Intoxication Iodine Iodoform Ipecacuanha Iron Israeli, Isaac ben Solomon Jaborandi Jalap Jaundice Jaw Jenner, Edward Jenner, Sir William Joints Kala-Azar Kámalá Kidney Diseases Kino Kitazato, Shibasaburo Knee Koch, Robert Kousso Lactic Acid Langenbeck, B. R. K. von Lanolin Largus, Scribonius Laryngitis Laudanum Lead Poisoning Leg Leontiasis Ossea Leprosy Lethargy Lichen Life Ligament Linacre, or Lynaker, Thomas Ling, Per Henrik Linseed Lip Liquorice Lister, Joseph Lister, Baron Liston, Robert Lithium Litmus Liver Lobe Lobelia Locomotor Ataxia Longevity Lumbago Lung Lupus Lycanthropy Lymphatic System Lymph and Lymph Formation MacCormac, Sir William Mackenzie, Sir Morell Magnesium Malaria Malta, or Mediterranean, Fever Mammary Gland Marshall, John Massage Matrix Mead, Richard Measles Medical Education Medical Jurisprudence Medicine Mendelism Ménière’s Disease Meningitis Mercury Mesmer, F. A. Metabolic Diseases Metabolism Microscope Midwife Milk Mineral Waters Mitchell, Silas Weir Monster Morphine Mortification Mott, Valentine Mouth and Salivary Glands Mumps Murrain Muscle and Nerve Muscular System Mushroom Mustard Mutilation Myelitis Myxoedema Naevus Narcotics Navel Necrosis Nepenthes Nerve Nervous System Nettlerash, or Urticaria Neuralgia Neurasthenia Neuritis Neuropathology Nicotine Nightingale, Florence Nitroglycerin Nose Nosology Nostalgia Nursing Nutrition Nux Vomica Obstetrics Oesophagus Officinal Oils Old-age Pensions Olfactory System Ophthalmology Opium Orfila, M. J. B. Osteology Ovariotomy Oxalic Acid Oxygen Ozone Paget, Sir James Pain Palate Pancreas Paracelsus Paraldehyde Paralysis, or Palsy Paranoia Parasitic Diseases Parasitism Paré, Ambroise Pasteur, Louis Pathology Pediculosis, or Phthiriasis Pellagra Pelvis Pemphigus Pennyroyal Pepper, William Peppermint Pepsin Peritonitis Perspiration Phagocytosis Pharmacology Pharmacopoeia Pharmacy Pharyngitis Pharynx Phenacetin Phlebitis Phosphorus Phrenology Phthisis Physiology Picrotoxin Pinel, Philippe Pinto Piperazin Pitcairne, Archibald Pityriasis Versicolor Placenta Plague Pleurisy, or Pleuritis Pleuro-pneumonia, or Lung-plague Pneumonia Podophyllin Poison Polypus Possession Potassium Pott, Percivall Poultice Pringle, Sir John Prognosis Protoplasm Pruritus Prussic Acid Psoriasis Psorospermiasis Psychical Research Psychology Ptomaine Poisoning Puberty Public Health, Law of Puerperal Fever Pulse Purpura Pyrocatechin Quain, Sir Richard Quarantine Quassia Quinine Quinsy Radcliffe, John Radioactivity Radium Raynaud’s Disease Relapsing Fever Reproductive System Resorcin Respiratory System Rhamnus Purshiana Rhatany, or Krameria Root Rheumatism Rheumatoid Arthritis Rhubarb Rickets Rinderpest Ringworm Rokitansky, C. von Röntgen Rays Rush, Benjamin Saccharin St. Vitus Dance, or Chorea Sal-ammoniac Salep Salicin, Salicinum Salicylic Acid Salt Sanatorium Sandalwood Sandarach Santonin Sarsaparilla Savory, Sir William S. Scabies, or Itch Scalp Scarlet Fever, or Scarlatina Sciatica Scrofula, or Struma Scurvy, or Scorbutus Sea-sickness Seborrhoea Semmelweiss, I. P. Senega Senna Sepsis Serenus, Sammonicus Sewerage Shock, or Collapse Shoulder Sibbald, Sir Robert Simon, Sir John Simpson, Sir James Y. Sinew Skeleton Skin and Exoskeleton Skin Diseases Skull Slaughter-house Sleep Sleeping-sickness Sloane, Sir Hans Smallpox Smith, T. S. Sneezing Sodium Somnambulism Soranus Spikenard, or Nard Spinal Cord Spirits Spleen Sprue Squill Stammering, or Stuttering Starvation Stethoscope Stomach Stramonium Strophanthus Strychnine Sugar Suggestion Suicide Sulphonal Sulphur Sumbul, or Sumbal Sunstroke Supra-renal Extract Surgery Surgical Instruments and Appliances Sweating-sickness Sweetbread Sydenham, Thomas Syme, James Sympathetic System Syncope Tagliacozzi, Gasparo Tannic Acid Tapeworms Tar Taraxacum Tartar Tartaric Acid Teeth Temperance Terpenes Tetanus Therapeutics Thompson, Sir Henry Thorax Throat Thymol Thyroid Tincture Tongue Tonsillitis Toxicology Tracheotomy Trachoma Trance Trichinosis Tuberculosis Tumour Typhoid Fever Typhus Fever Ulcer Upas Urea Urethane Uric Acid Urinary System Urotropin Vaccination Valerian Variation and Selection Varicose Veins Vascular System Vaseline Vegetarianism Veins Venereal Diseases Verdigris Veronal Veterinary Science Viburnum Vivisection Voice Wakley, Thomas Wart Water-supply Weights and Measures Wells, Sir Thomas S. Whitlow Whooping-cough Willis, Thomas Wilson, Sir W. J. E. Windpipe Wine Wintergreen Witch-hazel Wound Wrist Wry-neck X-Ray Treatment Yaws Yellow Fever Zinc Zymotic Diseases