The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica : A handbook containing…

democratic—not in religious bodies, but in the whole people; and in a new sense—in relation to family and social life—it was to be moral. That was the significance of the Reformation.” Organization of municipal relief. Poor relief acts and statutory serfdom. Progress of thought in 18th and 19th century: influence of Rousseau, of Law, of Howard, of Bentham, of Nonconformists, particularly Friends in England; Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor (1796). The Poor Law. Movement for Old Age Pensions. Charity Organization. Hospitals. American charities and their peculiar problems. Other articles bearing on the subject are: POOR LAW (Vol. 22, p. 74), for the British system, and Dr. T. A. Ingram’s articles UNEMPLOYMENT (Vol. 27, p. 578) and VAGRANCY (Vol. 27, p. 837). [Sidenote: Prisons] One of the earliest and most important definite charitable movements was prison reform. On this subject see in the Britannica the articles,—all by Major Arthur Griffiths, British inspector of prisons,—PRISON, CRIME, CRIMINOLOGY, CHILDREN’S COURTS, POLICE, JUVENILE OFFENDERS, DEPORTATION, FINGER PRINTS, IDENTIFICATION. This series of articles shows both the improvements in methods of treating criminals, in itself a means of protecting society, and the better methods of defense and of police. [Sidenote: Insane] On the treatment of the insane and feeble-minded, on the gradual assumption of responsibility for them by governments, and on the transition from the prison-like asylum to the modern hospital, see the article INSANITY, particularly part III (Vol. 14, p. 616), on Hospital Treatment, by Dr. Frederick Peterson, professor of psychiatry, Columbia University, author of _Mental Diseases_, etc. [Sidenote: Deaf and Blind] As great as the change in treatment of the insane has been that in the treatment of the deaf and blind. On this subject read the articles; BLINDNESS (Vol. 4, p. 59), by Sir Francis J. Campbell, principal of the Royal Normal College for the Blind; and DEAF AND DUMB (Vol. 7, p. 880), by the Rev. Arnold Hill Payne, chaplain of the Oxford Diocesan Mission to the Deaf and Dumb. Both these authors have had experience in teaching in the United States as well as in Great Britain,—one of the many striking instances of the wisdom displayed in the choice of contributors to the Britannica. And see the articles on GALLAUDET (Vol. 11, p. 416), the great teacher of the deaf, and S. G. HOWE (Vol. 13, p. 837), the educator of the blind. [Sidenote: Biographies] The following list, arranged for the most part in chronological order, gives some of the names of reformers and philanthropists about whom there are separate articles. These biographical sketches will be of great value for the study of the history and development of charitable work for the public welfare. John Kyrle Thomas Guy Thomas Coram Adam Anderson Gen. Booth John Howard Tuke (family) Baron de Montyon Granville Sharp Johann Beckmann Sir Thomas Bernard Robert Owen François Charles Marie Fourier George Birkbeck Elizabeth Fry Sir M. H. Montefiore Sir Thomas F. Buxton Theobald Mathew Lucretia Mott Joseph Sturge Sir Rowland Hill B. N. M. Appert Gerrit Smith Framjee Nasarwanjee Patel Victor P. Considerant E. Vansittart Neale Baroness Burdett-Coutts Grace Horsley Darling J. B. A. Godin John B. Gough George Jacob Holyoake Madhowdas Vurjcevandas Clara Barton Louis Adolphe Bertillon Henri Cernuschi Mary Ashton Livermore Sir Francis Galton Geo. Thorndike Angell Sir D. M. Petit George Smith of Coalville M. E. L. Walras Emily Faithfull Lyman Judson Gage Octavia and Miranda Hill A. Carnegie Baron Rowton J. D. Rockefeller Benjamin Waugh Frances E. Willard F. A. Bebel Charles Booth Gabriel Tarde Laurence Gronlund Samuel Gompers Sidney Webb Jane Addams Helen Gould