The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica : A handbook containing…

AMERICAN HISTORY The plan adopted in most of the chapters of this Guide is to give a separate account of each of the more important articles on the subject to which the chapter is devoted. But in the case of American history, the articles are so numerous, and are so accurately dovetailed to make a continuous story, that the reader’s convenience has been better served by reversing this process, and grouping the articles under the periods with which they deal. The reader is thus enabled to turn at once to any one of the outstanding episodes of the story, and to find explicit references to those parts of the Britannica in which the narrative is continued from one article to another. The summary has been put in the form of a table, in order that its contents may more easily be surveyed. There is a much fuller summary, in narrative form, in the Britannica itself in the historical portion of the article UNITED STATES (Vol. 27, pp. 663–735). This is the most complete condensed history of the country that has ever been written. It is not quite so long as this entire Guide; but from each of its 412 sections the reader can turn to articles describing in detail the events consecutively outlined. It has been taken for granted that the reader will recognize the natural connection between this and other chapters of the Guide. For example, no attempt has been made in this chapter to indicate the articles, elsewhere described, which discuss the history of American industries and commerce, railroads and shipping, finance and economics, art and literature. Again, the particular history of a city, town, or river may be of the greatest interest in itself, although the events with which its name is associated were not so typical of any period as to give the article a place in the present chapter. Similarly, the numerous and elaborate American biographies are represented, in this chapter, only by the names of the foremost statesmen and soldiers of the periods included in the table. In short, the articles named are so few, in proportion to all those which directly relate to American history, that the general effect is to make the space which the Britannica devotes to the subject seem less than it really is. But it is not the purpose of this Guide to impress upon the reader the magnitude of the volumes he is using. In that respect the Britannica speaks for itself. The table instances a few of the main topics of American history, in order to show the reader how he may plan fuller courses of reading by combining other articles on the principle indicated by these illustrations. The left hand columns present a brief outline of the main periods and aspects of American history. The right hand columns give the titles of the articles to be read, the page numbers as well as the volume numbers (so that when the reference is to only one section of a long article the reader can find it at once) and the names of the contributors. _Topics for Reading_ _Articles_ _The Aborigines._ Where did they come from, and when? AMERICA, _Ethnology and Their food, tools, clothing and Archaeology_ (Vol. 1, p. 810, customs. How they carried on fully illustrated), by Otis their wars. Their practical Tufton Mason, late curator, knowledge and religion. What the Department of Anthropology, white man has learned from the National Museum, Washington; Indians. Over 1000 languages and author of _Primitive Travel and dialects in America. Transportation_, etc. INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN (Vol. 14, p. 452), by Dr. A. F. Chamberlain, professor of anthropology, Clark University. Evidence of Asiatic origin. A state ARCHAEOLOGY (Vol. 2, p. 349), by of culture in Mexico and Peru, Dr. Charles H. Read, keeper of “which in some respects must have British and Medieval Antiquities put the Spaniards to shame.” and Ethnography, British Museum. The fascinating story of the MEXICO, _Ancient History and Aztecs. Did the Asiatic peoples Civilization_ (Vol. 18, p. 329), make voyages to America long by Dr. E. B. Tylor, professor of before Columbus? anthropology at Oxford; author of _Methods and Results in Mexican Research_. The splendid past of Central CENTRAL AMERICA, _Archaeology of_ America. What was accomplished (Vol. 5, p. 677), by Dr. Walter during the 500 years of Mayan Lehmann, Royal Ethnographical culture. An interesting calendar. Museum, Munich. _First Voyages of Discovery._ The Northmen first Europeans to VINLAND (Vol. 28, p. 98), by Julius reach American continent, about E. Olson, professor of 1000 A.D. The story of the Scandinavian languages, Icelandic sagas. Was Vinland Nova University of Wisconsin, editor Scotia? of _Voyages of the Northmen_, etc. The accident of Leif’s discovery of LEIF ERICSSON (Vol. 16, p. 396), by the American continent. Dr. C. R. Beazley, professor of modern history in the University of Birmingham, author of _The Dawn of Modern Geography_. The first colonizer (A.D. 1002). THORFINN KARLSEFNI (Vol. 26, p. Fate of the colony. The hostile 878), by Dr. C. R. Beazley, Skraelings. author of _The_ _Dawn of Modern Geography_, etc. _Columbus and His Successors._ Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). AMERICA, _General Historical Sketch_ (Vol. 1, p. 806), by David Hannay, author of _A Short History of the Royal Navy_. Columbus thinks he discovers Asia. COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER (Vol. 6, p. His voyages and colonies 741), by Dr. C. R. Beazley, (1492–1504). author of _The Dawn of Modern Geography_, etc. Discovery of the Mainland (1497). CABOT, JOHN (Vol. 4, p. 921), by Henry P. Biggar, author of _The Voyage of the Cabots to Greenland_. How the New World received its VESPUCCI, AMERIGO (Vol. 27, p. name. The beginning of free-lance 1053), by Dr. C. R. Beazley, expeditions. The mystery of the author of _The Dawn of Modern voyage of 1497. Geography_, etc. The Discovery of the Pacific BALBOA, VASCO NUÑEZ DE (Vol. 3, p. (1513). 241). The existence of a new continent MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (Vol. 17, p. distinct from Asia revealed to 302), by Dr. C. R. Beazley, the world. First circumnavigation author of _The Dawn of Modern of the globe. The Pacific Ocean Geography_, etc. named (1520). PACIFIC OCEAN, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. 438). The Conquest of Mexico (1519–1521). CORTES, HERNAN (Vol. 7, p. 205). “The Descendant of the Sun.” Discovery of Lower California. Ingratitude of Charles V. CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Vol. 5, p. 21). Exploration of Guatemala and SOTO, FERDINANDO DE (Vol. 25, p. Yucatan (1528), and the 435). Mississippi (1541). France attacks Spain in the New LAS CASAS, BARTOLOMÉ DE (Vol. 16, World. p. 232). Discovery of the St. Lawrence CARTIER, JACQUES (Vol. 5, p. 433), (1534). How Canada got its name. by H. P. Biggar, author of _The Early Canadian History. Voyage of the Cabots to Greenland_. CANADA, _History_ (Vol. 5, p. 156), by Dr. George McKinnon Wrong, University of Toronto. Foundation of Quebec (1608). CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE (Vol. 5, p. Discovery of Lake Champlain 830), by Prof. Narcisse E. (1609). Champlain assists Dionne, Librarian of the Algonquins and Hurons against the Legislature of the Province of Iroquois. The beginning of the Quebec, author of _Life of Samuel murderous conflicts between the de Champlain, Founder of Quebec_, French and the Iroquois. etc. The Fortunes of New France. FRONTENAC (Vol. 11, p. 249), by Dr. Colonial Expansion. Horrors of Arthur G. Doughty, Dominion Indian Warfare. archivist of Canada, author of _The Cradle of New France_, etc. Louisiana in possession of France LA SALLE, RENÉ ROBERT, SIEUR DE (1682). Discovery of the Ohio (Vol. 16, p. 230), by Charles C. River. Whinery, assistant editor, Encyclopaedia Britannica. The first English colony (1583) NEWFOUNDLAND, _History_ (Vol. 19, unsuccessful. p. 482), by Beckles Willson, author of _The Romance of Canada_, etc. The persistent efforts of Raleigh NORTH CAROLINA, _History_ (Vol. 19, (1584–1587). First English child p. 775). born in America (Aug. 15, 1587). NORTH CAROLINA, _History_ (Vol. 19, p. 775). RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (Vol. 22, p. 869), by David Hannay, author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_. The first permanent English VIRGINIA, _History_ (Vol. 28, p. settlement (1607). 122). JAMESTOWN (Vol. 15, p. 148). _Colonial Expansion and Development of Imperial Control._ The Thirteen Original Colonies, UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, their Founders and Leaders, and p. 663), by Dr. Herbert L. their early Struggles. Osgood, professor of history, Columbia University, author of _The American Colonies in the 17th Century_, etc. Virginia. VIRGINIA (Vol. 28, p. 122). JAMESTOWN (Vol. 15, p. 148). SMITH, JOHN (Vol. 25, p. 264). GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW (Vol. 12, p. 265). BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (Vol. 3, p. 781). BLAIR, JAMES (Vol. 4, p. 34). SPOTSWOOD, ALEXANDER (Vol. 25, p. 735). North Carolina. NORTH CAROLINA (Vol. 19, p. 775). South Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA (Vol. 25, p. 503). New England. NEW ENGLAND (Vol. 19, p. 476). Massachusetts. MASSACHUSETTS (Vol. 17, p. 858). PLYMOUTH, MASS. (Vol. 21, p. 863). BRADFORD, WILLIAM (Vol. 4, p. 370). STANDISH, MILES (Vol. 25, p. 772) ALDEN, JOHN (Vol. 1, p. 533). WINSLOW, EDWARD (Vol. 28, p. 733). ENDECOTT, JOHN (Vol. 9, p. 382). SALEM (Vol. 24, p. 62). WINTHROP, JOHN (Vol. 28, p. 736). BOSTON, MASS. (Vol. 4, p. 290). IPSWICH, MASS. (Vol. 14, p. 739). VANE, SIR HENRY (Vol. 27, p. 892). HUTCHINSON, ANNE (Vol. 14, p. 12). Maine (a part of Massachusetts). MAINE (Vol. 17, p. 439). POPHAM, SIR JOHN (Vol. 22, p. 88). GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (Vol. 12, p. 256). PORTLAND, ME. (Vol. 22, p. 120). Rhode Island. RHODE ISLAND (Vol. 23, p. 251). WILLIAMS, ROGER (Vol. 28, p. 682). PROVIDENCE (Vol. 22, p. 512). New Hampshire. NEW HAMPSHIRE (Vol. 19, p. 496). PORTSMOUTH, N. H. (Vol. 22, p. 132). Connecticut. CONNECTICUT (Vol. 6, p. 954). HOOKER, THOMAS (Vol. 13, p. 674). NEW HAVEN (Vol. 19, p. 499). EATON, THEOPHILUS (Vol. 8, p. 838). HARTFORD (Vol. 13, p. 33). Vermont. VERMONT (Vol. 27, p. 1028). Indian Wars in New England. PEQUOT (Vol. 21, p. 132). PHILIP, KING (Vol. 21, p. 389). New York. NEW YORK (Vol. 19, p. 603). HUDSON, HENRY (Vol. 13, p. 849). IROQUOIS (Vol. 14, p. 839). NEW YORK (CITY) (Vol. 19, p. 620). ALBANY (Vol. 1, p. 490). STATEN ISLAND (Vol. 25, p. 802). LONG ISLAND (Vol. 16, p. 982). STUYVESANT, PETER (Vol. 25, p. 1055). New Jersey. NEW JERSEY (Vol. 19, p. 508). CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (Vol. 5, p. 413). ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (Vol. 2, p. 1). ELIZABETH, N. J. (Vol. 9, p. 287). Delaware. DELAWARE (Vol. 7, p. 949). LEWES (Vol. 16, p. 522). NEW CASTLE (Vol. 19, p. 472). WILMINGTON (Vol. 28, p. 690). Pennsylvania. PENNSYLVANIA (Vol. 21, p. 111). PENN, WILLIAM (Vol. 21, p. 99), by Osmund Airy, author of _Charles II_, editor of the _Lauderdale Papers_, etc. FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF (Vol. 11, p. 227). PHILADELPHIA (Vol. 21, p. 372). Maryland. MARYLAND (Vol. 17, p. 831), by N. D. Mereness, Ph.D., author of _Maryland as a Proprietary Province_. BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1st Baron (Vol. 3, p. 288). BALTIMORE (Vol. 3, p. 290). MASON AND DIXON LINE (Vol. 17, p. 841). Georgia. GEORGIA (Vol. 11, p. 755). OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD (Vol. 20, p. 24). SAVANNAH (Vol. 24, p. 240). _The French and Indian Wars._ Struggle of the British and the UNITED STATES, _History_, The French in America. Pressure of Struggle with the French British on the French “paper (1690–1760) (Vol. 27, p. 670), by barriers.” Old-World quarrel Prof. H. L. Osgood, Columbia carried into the New World. University. CANADA, _History_ (Vol. 5, p. 156), by Prof. G. M. Wrong, author of _A Canadian Manor and Its Seigneurs_, etc. Capture of Louisburg, 1745. LOUISBURG (Vol. 17, p. 52). Albany Congress of 1754. ALBANY, N. Y. (Vol. 1, p. 490). The Continental Contest of which SEVEN YEARS’ WAR (Vol. 24, p. 715), the French and Indian Wars were a by Col. F. N. Maude, author of part. _War and the World’s Policy_, and David Hannay, author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_. Western Campaigns. In Pennsylvania PITTSBURG (Vol. 21, p. 680). and Virginia. BRADDOCK, EDWARD (Vol. 4, p. 369). PONTIAC (Vol. 22, p. 65). DINWIDDIE, ROBERT (Vol. 8, p. 278). SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (Vol. 24, p. 991). The New York Frontier and Fighting TICONDEROGA (Vol. 26, p. 937). there. GEORGE, LAKE (Vol. 11, p. 748). NIAGARA, FORT (Vol. 19, p. 634). JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (Vol. 15, p. 472). The Campaign against Quebec and its QUEBEC (Vol. 22, p. 728). Capture by the British. WOLFE, JAMES (Vol. 28, p. 773). MONTCALM (Vol. 18, p. 761). _Colonization on the Pacific Coast._ Spanish Government in California. CALIFORNIA, _History_ (Vol. 5, p. Rule of the Missions. “A complete 17). failure save in the acquisition of material wealth.” The Spaniards neglect northwestern OREGON, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. America. 247). British Traders seize the HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY (Vol. 13, p. opportunity. 852). _The Colonial Revolt and Events Leading up to It._ (1763–1783). UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, p. 672), by Prof. H. L. Osgood, Columbia University. Immediate Causes: The Stamp Act (1765). STAMP (Vol. 25, p. 772). Boston Massacre and Boston Tea BOSTON (Vol. 4, p. 296); Party. HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (Vol. 14, p. 13). Suffolk Resolves. MILTON, MASS. (Vol. 18, p. 492). Mecklenburg Resolutions and NORTH CAROLINA (Vol. 19, p. 776). “Declaration,” May, 1775. Virginia leaders decide on VIRGINIA, _History_ (Vol. 28, p. independence to secure foreign 123). assistance. The Leaders of Public Opinion: Virginia. HENRY, PATRICK (Vol. 13, p. 300), by N. D. Mereness, author of _Maryland, a Proprietary Province_. WASHINGTON, GEORGE (Vol. 28, p. 344), by Prof. William MacDonald, Brown University. LEE, RICHARD HENRY (Vol. 16, p. 362). Massachusetts. OTIS, JAMES (Vol. 20, p. 366). ADAMS, SAMUEL (Vol. 1, p. 180), by Prof. Edward Channing, Harvard. ADAMS, JOHN (Vol. 1, p. 176). New Hampshire. LANGDON, JOHN (Vol. 16, p. 172). Pennsylvania. DICKINSON, JOHN (Vol. 8, p. 184). FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (Vol. 11, p. 24), by Richard Webster. New York. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (Vol. 12, p. 881), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick and Hugh Chisholm, editor-in-chief Encyclopaedia Britannica. Conservative Leaders. LOYALISTS, or TORIES (Vol. 17, p. 79). GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (Vol. 11, p. 421). SEABURY, SAMUEL (Vol. 24, p. 531). TRYON, WILLIAM (Vol. 27, p. 340). JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM and SIR JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 472). Why did not the Canadians revolt? QUEBEC ACT (Vol. 22, p. 729). _Declaration of Independence._ Resolution of Independence adopted INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF (Vol. July 2. 14, p. 372), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick. Jefferson’s Declaration adopted July 4. Most of the signatures affixed Aug. 2. One not until 1781. Some of the “Signers”: Virginia. JEFFERSON, THOMAS (Vol. 15, p. 301), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick. LEE, RICHARD HENRY (Vol. 16, p. 362). LEE, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT (Vol. 16, p. 362). Massachusetts. HANCOCK, JOHN (Vol. 12, p. 908). ADAMS, SAMUEL (Vol. 1, p. 180), by Prof. Edward Channing. ADAMS, JOHN (Vol. 1, p. 176), by Prof. Edward Channing. PAINE, ROBERT TREAT (Vol. 20, p. 456). GERRY, ELBRIDGE (Vol. 11, p. 903). New York. LIVINGSTON, PHILIP (Vol. 16, p. 813). Pennsylvania. MORRIS, ROBERT (Vol. 18, p. 871). RUSH, BENJAMIN (Vol. 23, p. 857). FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (Vol. 11, p. 24). WILSON, JAMES (Vol. 28, p. 693). New Jersey. WITHERSPOON, JOHN (Vol. 28, p. 759). HOPKINSON, FRANCIS (Vol. 13, p. 685). Connecticut. SHERMAN, ROGER (Vol. 24, p. 851). WOLCOTT, OLIVER (Vol. 28, p. 770). Rhode Island. ELLERY, WILLIAM (Vol. 9, p. 290). Maryland. CARROLL, CHARLES (Vol. 5, p. 409). South Carolina. MIDDLETON, ARTHUR (Vol. 18, p. 415). RUTLEDGE, EDWARD (Vol. 23, p. 945). English Opinion and Policy. GEORGE III (Vol. 11, p. 740), by Dr. S. R. Gardiner, author of _History of England_. GUILFORD, FREDERICK NORTH, 2nd Earl (Lord North) (Vol. 12, p. 691). “Conciliation.” BURKE, EDMUND (Vol. 4, p. 824), by John Morley (Viscount Morley of Blackburn). CHATHAM, EARL OF (Pitt) (Vol. 6, p. 1). FOX, CHARLES JAMES (Vol. 10, p. 761), by David Hannay. American Foreign Agents and their FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (Vol. 11, p. work, especially in France, 24). during the war. DEANE, SILAS (Vol. 7, p. 898). LEE, ARTHUR (Vol. 16, p. 360). JAY, JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 294). _The War for Independence._ General outline. AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (Vol. 1, p. 842), by Prof. Harry Phelps Johnston, New York University, author of _Loyalist History of the Revolution_, and, for naval affairs, by David Hannay, author of _A Short History of the Royal Navy_. American Leaders REVERE, PAUL (Vol. 23, p. 223). In early fighting in Massachusetts WARREN, JOSEPH (Vol. 28, p. 330). PUTNAM, ISRAEL (Vol. 22, p. 670). WASHINGTON, GEORGE (Vol. 28, p. 344), by Prof. William MacDonald, Brown University. On the border and in Canada ALLEN, ETHAN (Vol. 1, p. 691). MONTGOMERY, RICHARD (Vol. 18, p. 784). ARNOLD, BENEDICT (Vol. 2, p. 633). SCHUYLER, PHILIP JOHN (Vol. 24, p. 387). In the Middle States WASHINGTON, GEORGE (Vol. 28, p. 344), by Prof. William MacDonald, Brown University. STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (Vol. 25, p. 925). KNOX, HENRY (Vol. 15, p. 878). STARK, JOHN (Vol. 25, p. 798). WAYNE, ANTHONY (Vol. 28, p. 432). GATES, HORATIO (Vol. 11, p. 529). BENEDICT, ARNOLD (Vol. 2, p. 633). SULLIVAN, JOHN (Vol. 26, p. 57). In the South MOULTRIE, WILLIAM (Vol. 18, p. 935). MORGAN, DANIEL (Vol. 18, p. 833). MARION, FRANCIS (Vol. 17, p. 722). PICKENS, ANDREW (Vol. 21, p. 582). SUMTER, THOMAS (Vol. 26, p. 85). SHELBY, ISAAC (Vol. 24, p. 826). GATES, HORATIO (Vol. 11, p. 529). LEE, HENRY (Vol. 16, p. 361). GREENE, NATHANIEL (Vol. 12, p. 588). In the Northwest CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (Vol. 6, p. 442). On Sea JONES, JOHN PAUL (Vol. 15, p. 499). HOPKINS, ESEK (Vol. 13, p. 684). Foreign Officers in the War French LAFAYETTE (Vol. 16, p. 65). ROCHAMBEAU (Vol. 23, p. 425). GRASSE, COMTE DE (Vol. 12, p. 369). ESTAING, C. H. D’ (Vol. 9, p. 789). Polish KOSCIUSZKO (Vol. 15, p. 914). PULASKI (Vol. 22, p. 640). German STEUBEN (Vol. 25, p. 904). KALB, JOHANN (Vol. 15, p. 639). English Leaders On land HOWE, WILLIAM (Vol. 13, p. 839). CLINTON, SIR HENRY (Vol. 6, p. 529). BURGOYNE, JOHN (Vol. 4, p. 819). ANDRÉ, JOHN (Vol. 1, p. 968). CORNWALLIS, CHARLES (Vol. 7, p. 183). TARLETON, SIR BANASTRE (Vol. 26, p. 428). On sea HASTINGS, MARQUESS OF (Lord Rawdon) (Vol. 13, p. 53). HOWE, RICHARD (Vol. 13, p. 836). RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES (Vol. 23, p. 447). BYRON, JOHN (Vol. 4, p. 906). The Principal Engagements of the War, Separately Treated Around Boston LEXINGTON (Vol. 16, p. 527). CONCORD (Vol. 6, p. 830). BUNKER HILL (Vol. 4, p. 798). BOSTON (Vol. 4, p. 296). Canada and the Border TICONDEROGA (Vol. 26, p. 938). CROWN POINT (Vol. 7, p. 519). QUEBEC (Vol. 22, p. 728). Middle States LONG ISLAND (Vol. 16, p. 984), by C. F. Atkinson, author of _The Wilderness and Cold Harbour_. NEW YORK CITY (Vol. 19, p. 622). TRENTON AND PRINCETON (Vol. 27, p. 252). BRANDYWINE (Vol. 4, p. 430). GERMANTOWN (Vol. 11, p. 804). SARATOGA (Vol. 24, p. 205). BENNINGTON (Vol. 3, p. 743). VALLEY FORGE (Vol. 27, p. 864). MONMOUTH (Vol. 18, p. 727). STONY POINT (Vol. 25, p. 966). WEST POINT (Vol. 28, p. 559). South CHARLESTON (Vol. 5, p. 944). CAMDEN (Vol. 5, p. 102). KING’S MOUNTAIN (Vol. 15, p. 819). EUTAWVILLE (Vol. 9, p. 957). YORKTOWN (Vol. 28, p. 936). _Governmental History._ First attempts at Confederation UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, (1776–1789). Article of p. 681), by Prof. H. L. Osgood, Confederation (1777–1781). Columbia University. Difficulties of ratification. MARYLAND (Vol. 17, p. 832), by Dr. N. D. Mereness, author of _Maryland, a Proprietary Province_. Necessity for centralization seen HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (Vol. 12, p. (1779–1780). 880), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick and Hugh Chisholm, editor 11th Edition Encyclopaedia Britannica. Recognition of the United States. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (Vol. 11, p. Treaty of Versailles (Sept. 27), by Richard Webster. 1783). ADAMS, JOHN (Vol. 1, p. 176), by Dr. Edward Channing, Harvard University. JAY, JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 294). LAURENS, HENRY (Vol. 16, p. 284). Struggle for National Government. UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, The Critical Period. p. 684), by Dr. Alexander Government found impossible under Johnston, late professor of the articles (1783–1789). history, Princeton University, and C. C. Whinery, assistant editor, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Territorial cessions and JEFFERSON, THOMAS (Vol. 15, p. government. Ordinance of 1787. 303), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick. Roundabout origin of the MADISON, JAMES (Vol. 17, p. 285). Constitutional Conventions: Alexandria (1785). ALEXANDRIA, VA. (Vol. 1, p. 572). Annapolis (1786). ANNAPOLIS, VA. (Vol. 2, p. 63). Philadelphia (1787). PHILADELPHIA, _History_ (Vol. 21, p. 372). The three plans: Virginia RANDOLPH, EDMUND J. (Vol. 22, p. 886). Pinckney PINCKNEY, CHARLES C. (Vol. 21, p. 616). New Jersey (Paterson) NEW JERSEY (Vol. 19, p. 512). Struggle over State Representation. MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (Vol. 18, p. 869). Origin of the Senate, Connecticut CONNECTICUT, _History_ (Vol. 6, p. compromise. 956). Opposition and Ratification. HENRY, PATRICK (Vol. 13, p. 300). HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (Vol. 12, p. 880), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick and Hugh Chisholm. MADISON, JAMES (Vol. 17, p. 286). JAY, JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 294). Federalists and Anti-Federalists. FEDERALIST PARTY (Vol. 10, p. 235). ANTI-FEDERALISTS (Vol. 2, p. 124). Government Under the Constitution. The form of Government established UNITED STATES, _Constitution and by the Constitution. Government_ (Vol. 27, p. 646), by Hon. James Bryce, British Ambassador at Washington, and author of _The American Commonwealth_. Washington as President WASHINGTON, GEORGE (Vol. 28, p. (1789–1797). 347), by Dr. William MacDonald, professor of American History, Brown University. Development of Democracy UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, (1789–1801). p. 688), by Prof. Alexander Johnston and C. C. Whinery. Constitution finally ratified by NORTH CAROLINA (Vol. 19, p. 777). all the States. RHODE ISLAND (Vol. 23, p. 252). The first Tariff act, 1789, a TARIFF (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Dr. F. moderate protective measure. W. Taussig, professor Harvard University, author of _Principles of Economics_, etc. Admission of new States, Vermont VERMONT (Vol. 27, p. 1028). and Kentucky. KENTUCKY (Vol. 15, p. 746). Hamilton’s efforts for strength and HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (Vol. 12, p. stability. His tendency towards 881), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick and Aristocracy. Opposition of Hugh Chisholm, editor-in-chief Jefferson. Encyclopaedia Britannica. JEFFERSON, THOMAS (Vol. 15, p. 303), by Dr. F. S. Philbrick. Excise troubles (1794). First WHISKY INSURRECTION (Vol. 28, p. employment by the Federal 592). Executive of power to enforce Federal laws within the States. GALLATIN, ALBERT (Vol. 11, p. 414), by Henry Cabot Lodge, U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, biographer of Washington, Webster, etc. Jay’s treaty with England (1794). JAY, JOHN (Vol. 15, p. 294). Its defects. Presidency of John Adams. Alien and ADAMS, JOHN (Vol. 1, p. 176), by Sedition Laws. Prof. Edward Channing of Harvard. Organization of Navy Department NAVY AND NAVIES, _The United (1798). States_ (Vol. 19, p. 308), by David Hannay. ADMIRALTY ADMINISTRATION (Vol. 1, p. 201), by the late Rear-Admiral William T. Sampson, U. S. Navy. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. VIRGINIA (Vol. 28, p. 124). KENTUCKY (Vol. 15, p. 746). Part in them taken by Jefferson and MADISON, JAMES (Vol. 17, p. 286). Madison. Idea of Secession present from the SECESSION (Vol. 24, p. 568), by Dr. beginning. Early threats. Walter L. Fleming, professor Louisiana State University. Invention of cotton gin (1793) and WHITNEY, ELI (Vol. 28, p. 611). its far-reaching consequences, introducing a commercial element into slavery. _Democracy and Nationality_ UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, (1801–1829). p. 692), by Prof. Alexander Johnston and C. C. Whinery. Election of Jefferson (1800). The DEMOCRATIC PARTY (Vol. 8, p. 2). Democratic Party called by Jefferson the Republican Party, later and officially the Democratic-Republican, and later still simply the Democratic Party. STATE RIGHTS (Vol. 25, p. 802). The acquisition of Louisiana LOUISIANA PURCHASE (Vol. 17, p. (1803). 62). The Lewis-Clark expedition (1804); LEWIS, MERIWETHER (Vol. 16, p. a basis for future acquisition of 523). territory in the far west. CLARK, WILLIAM (Vol. 6, p. 442). OREGON, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. 248). War with the Barbary pirates PIRATE AND PIRACY, _History_ (Vol. (1805). These robbers first 21, p. 638), by D. Hannay, author checked by the little American of _Short History of the Royal navy. Navy_. EATON, WILLIAM (Vol. 8, p. 839). War with Barbary Pirates. DERNA (Vol. 8, p. 74), by D. G. Hogarth. HULL, ISAAC (Vol. 13, p. 869). Expedition of Aaron Burr BURR, AARON (Vol. 4, p. 862). (1806–1807). WILKINSON, JAMES (Vol. 28, p. 647), by Dr. Isaac Joslin Cox, professor of history, University of Cincinnati. Election of Madison (1808). MADISON, JAMES (Vol. 17, p. 284). Difficulties with Great Britain. SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH (Vol. Restrictions of Commerce and 24, p. 560), by Sir Thomas right of search. Barclay, author of _Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy_. _The War of 1812._ Military and naval events. AMERICAN WAR OF 1812 (Vol. 1, p. 847), by David Hannay, author of _Short History of the Royal Navy_. Principal engagements and Strategic Points. In the Northwest MACKINAC ISLAND (Vol. 17, p. 255). DETROIT (Vol. 8, p. 116). MICHIGAN (Vol. 18, p. 376). TORONTO (Vol. 27, p. 53). SACKETT’S HARBOR (Vol. 23, p. 974). PLATTSBURG (Vol. 21, p. 825). CHAMPLAIN (Vol. 5, p. 831). NIAGARA, FORT (Vol. 19, p. 635). In the East WASHINGTON (Vol. 28, p. 352). BALTIMORE (Vol. 3, p. 290). In the Southwest NEW ORLEANS (Vol. 19, p. 531). Principal Leaders in the War on Land and on Sea. American RODGERS, JOHN (Vol. 23, p. 447). DECATUR, STEPHEN (Vol. 7, p. 910). HULL, ISAAC (Vol. 13, p. 869). BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAM (Vol. 3, p. 223). PORTER, DAVID (Vol. 22, p. 113). CHAUNCEY, ISAAC (Vol. 6, p. 18). PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (Vol. 21, p. 185). BROWN, JACOB (Vol. 4, p. 659). SCOTT, WINFIELD (Vol. 24, p. 475). JACKSON, ANDREW (Vol. 15, p. 107). On the other side BROCK, SIR ISAAC (Vol. 4, p. 623). ROSS, ROBERT (Vol. 23, p. 740). BROKE, SIR P. B. V. (Vol. 4, p. 628). TECUMSEH (Vol. 26, p. 499). Weakness of Madison’s MADISON, JAMES (Vol. 17, p. 286). Administration. Opposition to the war in New HARTFORD (Vol. 13, p. 33). England: The Hartford Convention. _After the War._ Reaction against Federalist party FEDERALIST PARTY (Vol. 10, p. 235). Acquisition of Florida (1819) FLORIDA, _History_ (Vol. 10, p. 545). Bank of the United States (1816). BANKS AND BANKING, _United States_ (Vol. 3, p. 345), by Charles A. Conant, author of _The History of Modern Banks_. Tariff revision (1816–1828). TARIFF (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard, author of _Tariff History of the United States_, etc. “The American System”—Clay’s name PROTECTION (Vol. 22, p. 465), by for the combination of protective Dr. Edmund J. James, president of tariff and internal improvements University of Illinois, author of begun by Dallas and carried on by _History of American Tariff himself and the Whig and Legislation_. Republican parties. DALLAS, A. J. (Vol. 7, p. 768). CLAY, HENRY (Vol. 6, p. 471), by Carl Schurz, biographer of Clay. The Monroe Doctrine (1823). MONROE, JAMES (Vol. 18, p. 736). The first weighty international MONROE DOCTRINE (Vol. 18, p. 738), action of the Government—warning by Dr. Theodore S. Woolsey, to European states at instance of professor of International Law, England. Yale University. Admission of new States: Indiana (1816) INDIANA, _History_ (Vol. 14, p. 425). Mississippi (1817) MISSISSIPPI, _History_ (Vol. 18, p. 602). Illinois (1818) ILLINOIS, _History_ (Vol. 14, p. 309). Alabama (1819) ALABAMA, _History_ (Vol. 1, p. 462). Maine (1820) MAINE, _History_ (Vol. 17, p. 439). Missouri (1821) MISSOURI, _History_ (Vol. 18, p. 613). Fixing the Northwest Boundary: OREGON, _History_ (Vol. 20, p. Agreements with Great Britain 248). (1818 and 1827) and with Russia (1825). A nationalizing element in the WHIG PARTY (Vol. 28, p. 589), by Republican Party fostered by Dr. Anson D. Morse, professor of commercial and manufacturing history, Amherst College. elements in the East fuses with broad constructionists to form new party (National Republican, later the Whig) under J. Q. Adams and Clay (1824). ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (Vol. 1, p. 178), by Prof. Edward Channing, Harvard University. CLAY, HENRY (Vol. 6, p. 470), by Carl Schurz, author of _Life of Henry Clay_. ANTI-MASONIC PARTY (Vol. 2, p. 127). Jackson and the Democratic Party. DEMOCRATIC PARTY (Vol. 8, p. 2). The “power of the people” CRAWFORD, W. H. (Vol. 6, p. 386). established. Free _vs._ Slave States. MISSOURI COMPROMISE (Vol. 18, p. 614), by Prof. William Roy Smith, Bryn Mawr College. Beginning of a sectional struggle, MISSOURI, _History_ (Vol. 18, p. which Clay and others tried to 613). compromise (1820). _Industrial Development and UNITED STATES, _History_ (Vol. 27, Sectional Divergence._ p. 697), by Prof. Alexander Johnston and C. C. Whinery. _Tendencies to Disunion_ (1829–1851). “The reign of Andrew Jackson” JACKSON, ANDREW (Vol. 15, p. 107), (1829–1837). by the late Prof. William G. Sumner, Yale University, author of _Life of Andrew Jackson_, etc. The Kitchen Cabinet and the Cabinet GREEN, DUFF (Vol. 12, p. 534). Crisis. EATON, MARGARET O’NEILL (“Peggy O’Neill”) (Vol. 8, p. 838). Jackson and the Bank. BANKS AND BANKING, _United States_ (Vol. 3, p. 346), by C. A. Conant, author of _History of Modern Banks of Issue_. The new school of leaders. Jackson’s lieutenant and successor. VAN BUREN, MARTIN (Vol. 27, p. 881), by Prof. William MacDonald, Brown University. Van Buren’s lieutenant in New York. MARCY, W. L. (Vol. 17, p. 696). The Jacksonian leader in the BENTON, T. H. (Vol. 3, p. 753). Senate. Jackson’s War Secretary, 1831–36. CASS, LEWIS (Vol. 5, p. 455). Jackson’s Attorney-General, TANEY, R. B. (Vol. 26, p. 396). Treasurer, and (1835) Chief Justice. Jackson’s Secretary of State LIVINGSTON, EDWARD (Vol. 16, p. (1831–33), who drafted the 811). anti-nullification proclamation. Georgia and the Cherokees. GEORGIA, _History_ (Vol. 11, p. Opposition in the South to the 756). Protective System. Tariff of 1832. TARIFF, _United States_ (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard University, author of _Tariff History of the United States_. Rise and fall of doctrine of CALHOUN, JOHN C. (Vol. 5, p. 1), by Nullification (1830). Hon. Henry A. M. Smith, U. S. District Judge, South Carolina. SOUTH CAROLINA, _History_ (Vol. 25, p. 504). Nullification not original with NULLIFICATION (Vol. 19, p. 846), by Calhoun. Prof. Walter L. Fleming, Louisiana State University. The debate in the U. S. Senate on WEBSTER, DANIEL (Vol. 28, p. 461), nullification—Webster and Hayne. by Everett P. Wheeler, author of _Daniel Webster_, etc. HAYNE, ROBERT YOUNG (Vol. 13, p. 114). Compromise Tariff of 1833. TARIFF (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Prof. F. W. Taussig, Harvard, author of _Tariff History of the United States_. Beginning of abolitionist movement SLAVERY, _United States_ (Vol. 25, (1831). The “Liberator.” p. 225), by Dr. J. K. Ingram. Foundation of American Anti-Slavery LUNDY, BENJAMIN (Vol. 17, p. 124). Society (1831). Its leaders. GARRISON, W. L. (Vol. 11, p. 477). Dissent from this view and PHILLIPS, WENDELL (Vol. 21, p. formation of anti-slavery 407), by Thomas Wentworth political party (1840). Higginson, author of _History of the United States_. LIBERTY PARTY (Vol. 16, p. 543). BIRNEY, JAMES G. (Vol. 3, p. 988). SMITH, GERRIT (Vol. 25, p. 261). “Dorr’s Rebellion.” RHODE ISLAND (Vol. 23, p. 252). Seminole War (1835–1842). OSCEOLA (Vol. 20, p. 346). Texas independent of Mexico (1836). TEXAS, _History_ (Vol. 26, p. 692). HOUSTON, SAM (Vol. 13, p. 828). Admission of Texas (1845). SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS (Vol. 24, p. 126). AUSTIN, S. F. (Vol. 2, p. 940). CROCKETT, DAVID (Vol. 7, p. 477). Polk’s Administration. POLK, J. K. (Vol. 21, p. 983), by Prof. W. R. Smith, Bryn Mawr College. War with Mexico (1846–1848). TAYLOR, ZACHARY (Vol. 26, p. 473), by Prof. Isaac J. Cox, University of Cincinnati. The Generals and the Fighting. SCOTT, WINFIELD (Vol. 24, p. 475). SANTA-ANA (Vol. 24, p. 184). MEXICO, _History_ (Vol. 18, p. 340). MEXICO CITY (Vol. 18, p. 347). Wilmot Proviso and similar WILMOT, DAVID (Vol. 28, p. 691). measures. Cession of California (1848), and CALIFORNIA, _History_ (Vol. 5, p. Discovery of Gold there. 17). The Gadsden Purchase (1853). GADSDEN, JAMES (Vol. 11, p. 383). Compromise Measures of 1850. COMPROMISE MEASURES OF 1850 (Vol. 6, p. 813), by Prof. W. R. Smith, Bryn Mawr College. Opposition in Georgia. GEORGIA (Vol. 11, p. 756). Fugitive Slave Laws. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS (Vol. 11, p. 288). Various political elements join to FREE SOIL PARTY (Vol. 11, p. 87). oppose introduction of slavery into territories (1847–1848). Tariff Reduction, Walker Bill of TARIFF (Vol. 26, p. 425), by Prof.