The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica : A handbook containing…

ENGLISH LITERATURE On English literature, with its vastly longer history and greater volume, there is much more matter in the Britannica than on American literature—or of course any other national literature. The key article is ENGLISH LITERATURE (Vol. 9, p. 607; equivalent to 120 pages of this Guide), and an excellent outline for the study of this subject may be based on this article which should be supplemented by the sections on _Literature_ in the articles SCOTLAND, CANADA, etc. A combination of these with special articles may be arranged as follows: [Sidenote: Anglo-Saxon] On the period before Chaucer—the first part of the article ENGLISH LITERATURE (Vol. 9, p. 607), by Henry Bradley, joint-editor of _The New English Dictionary_, etc.; the same author’s BEOWULF (Vol. 3, p. 758), CÆDMON (Vol. 4, p. 934) and CYNEWULF (Vol. 7, p. 690), ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE (Vol. 2, p. 34), and ALFRED THE GREAT (Vol. 1, p. 582), both by the Rev. Charles Plummer, author of _Life and Times of Alfred the Great_, etc.; DAN MICHEL OF NORTHGATE (Vol. 18, p. 371); ANGLO-NORMAN LITERATURE (Vol. 2, p. 31), by Prof. L. M. Brandin, University of London; ANCREN RIWLE (Vol. 1, p. 952); ORM (Vol. 20, p. 293), by Henry Bradley; LAYAMON (Vol. 16, p. 311), by the late Prof. W. W. Skeat of Cambridge; HAVELOK THE DANE (Vol. 13, p. 80); ROMANCE, ARTHURIAN ROMANCE, etc. [Sidenote: Chaucer] On the period from Chaucer to the Renaissance, see the second part of the article ENGLISH LITERATURE (Vol. 9, p. 611), by Prof. J. M. Manly, University of Chicago, author of _The Language of Chaucer’s Legend of Good Women_; THE PEARL (Vol. 21, p. 27), by Prof. Israel Gollancz, King’s College, London, editor of the Temple _Shakespeare_, etc.; LANGLAND (Vol. 16, p. 174); JOHN GOWER (Vol. 12, p. 298), by G. C. Macaulay, editor of Gower’s works; GEOFFREY CHAUCER (Vol. 6, p. 13), by A. W. Pollard, chief-editor of the “Globe” _Chaucer_; JOHN LYDGATE, (Vol. 17, p. 156), by Frederick J. Snell, author of _The Age of Chaucer_; THOMAS OCCLEVE (Vol. 19, p. 966), by W. S. McCormick, formerly professor of English, University College, Dundee; STEPHEN HAWES (Vol. 13, p. 93); JOHN SKELTON (Vol. 25, p. 184); JULIANA BERNERS (Vol. 3, p. 801); THOMAS OF ERCELDOUNE (Vol. 26, p. 865); JOHN BARBOUR (Vol. 3, p. 389), by Professor George Gregory Smith, Queen’s University, Belfast; ANDREW OF WYNTOUN (Vol. 28, p. 873); HARRY THE MINSTREL (Vol. 13, p. 29); JOHN WYCLIFFE (Vol. 28, p. 866), by Reginald Lane Poole, author of _Wycliffe and Movements for Reform_, and W. Alison Phillips; REGINALD PECOCK (Vol. 21, p. 33); SIR JOHN FORTESCUE (Vol. 10, p. 678), by P. C. Yorke; WILLIAM CAXTON (Vol. 5, p. 587). The English versions of the Bible are dealt with in the chapter of this Guide on _Bible Study_; but the article BIBLE, ENGLISH (Vol. 3, p. 894), by Canon Henson of Westminster Abbey and Anna C. Paues, lecturer in Germanic philology at Newnham College, should be read in connection with the study of this and earlier periods of English literature. [Sidenote: Elizabethan Literature] [Sidenote: Spenser] On English literature in the Elizabethan age read part 3 of the article ENGLISH LITERATURE (Vol. 9, p. 616), by Prof. Oliver Elton, University of Liverpool; also SIR THOMAS MORE (Vol. 18, p. 822), by Mark Pattison, the essayist and student of the Renaissance; WILLIAM TYNDALE (Vol. 27, p. 498); ROGER ASCHAM (Vol. 2, p. 720), by A. F. Leach, author of _English Schools at the Reformation_, etc.; WILLIAM DUNBAR (Vol. 8, p. 668), by Prof. G. Gregory Smith; SIR THOMAS HOBY (Vol. 13, p. 553); RAPHAEL HOLINSHED (Vol. 13, p. 584); JOHN FOXE (Vol. 10, p. 770); SIR THOMAS NORTH (Vol. 19, p. 759); SIR THOMAS WYAT (Vol. 28, p. 861); EARL OF SURREY (Vol. 26, p. 138); GEORGE GASCOIGNE (Vol. 11, p. 493); NICHOLAS UDAL (Vol. 27, p. 554), by A. F. Leach; EDMUND SPENSER (Vol. 25, p. 639,) by the late Professor William Minto of Aberdeen, and F. J. Snell, author of _The Age of Chaucer_, etc.; SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (Vol. 25, p. 43); JOHN LYLY (Vol. 17, p. 159), by Mrs. Humphry Ward; EUPHUISM (Vol. 9, p. 898); MICHAEL DRAYTON (Vol. 8, p. 557), and SAMUEL DANIEL (Vol. 7, p. 808), all by Edmund Gosse; WILLIAM WARNER (Vol. 28, p. 327); EDWARD FAIRFAX (Vol. 10, p. 130); SIR JOHN HARINGTON (Vol. 12, p. 952); GILES and PHINEAS FLETCHER (Vol. 10, p. 498); THOMAS WATSON (Vol. 28, p. 413), by E. Gosse; THOMAS LODGE (Vol. 16, p. 860), by Prof. A. W. Ward, Cambridge; THOMAS CAMPION (Vol. 5, p. 137), by P. Vivian, editor of Campion; NICHOLAS BRETON (Vol. 4, p. 501); ROBERT SOUTHWELL (Vol. 25, p. 517); the metaphysical poets, JOHN DONNE (Vol. 8, p. 417), GEORGE HERBERT (Vol. 13, p. 339), RICHARD CRASHAW (Vol. 7, p. 379), ABRAHAM COWLEY (Vol. 7, p. 347), THOMAS TRAHERNE (Vol. 27, p. 155), and HENRY VAUGHAN (Vol. 27, p. 955); WILLIAM BROWNE (Vol. 4, p. 667); GEORGE WITHER (Vol. 28, p. 758); WILLIAM DRUMMOND of Hawthornden (Vol. 8, p. 600); ROBERT HERRICK (Vol. 13, p. 389), by E. Gosse; RICHARD LOVELACE (Vol. 17, p. 71); SIR JOHN SUCKLING (Vol. 26, p. 7); ANDREW MARVELL (Vol. 17, p. 805); EDMUND WALLER (Vol. 28, p. 282), by E. Gosse; and JOHN MILTON (Vol. 18, p. 480), in great part by David Masson, late professor at Edinburgh University. [Sidenote: The Drama] [Sidenote: Shakespeare] Elizabethan drama—particularly Shakespeare—deserves a separate paragraph, especially as its treatment in the Britannica is so full. Read in the article ENGLISH LITERATURE, pp. 622–626; in the article DRAMA, by Prof. A. W. Ward, Cambridge, pp. 520–524 of Volume 8; and the articles: JOHN LYLY (Vol. 17, p. 159), by Mrs. Humphry Ward; THOMAS KYD (Vol. 15, p. 958), by E. Gosse; GEORGE PEELE (Vol. 21, p. 44); ROBERT GREENE (Vol. 12, p. 539), by A. W. Ward; CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE (Vol. 17, p. 741), by A. C. Swinburne and Thomas Seccombe, author of _The Age of Johnson_, etc.; and above all SHAKESPEARE (Vol. 24, p. 772; equivalent to 80 pages of this Guide), containing a biography and sketches of the different works by E. K. Chambers, editor of the “Red Letter Shakespeare” and author of _The Medieval Stage_, with a discussion of the portraits of Shakespeare (20 of which are reproduced), by M. H. Spielmann, formerly editor of the _Magazine of Art_, and of the Shakespeare-Bacon controversy by Hugh Chisholm, editor-in chief of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, and an elaborate, classified bibliography by H. R. Tedder, librarian of the Athenaeum Club, London. In his discussion of the Baconian theory of the authorship of the plays Mr. Chisholm says: “No such idea seems to have occurred to anybody till the middle of the 19th century.... The most competent special students of Shakespeare, however they may differ as to details, and also the most authoritative special students of Bacon, are unanimous in upholding the traditional view.” And he adds that as regards the effort to account for the positive contemporary evidence in favour of the identification of the man Shakespeare with the author of Shakespeare’s works, “it is highly significant that it was not attempted or thought of for centuries.” See also: HAMLET (Vol. 12, p. 894) for earlier treatment of the legend, and MACBETH (Vol. 17, p. 197) for the historical basis of the play. For the other dramatists of the time see the articles BEN JONSON (Vol. 15, p. 502), by A. W. Ward; GEORGE CHAPMAN (Vol. 5, p. 852), JOHN WEBSTER (Vol. 28, p. 462), CYRIL TOURNEUR (Vol. 27, p. 106), and BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER (Vol. 3, p. 592), all by A. C. Swinburne; THOMAS DEKKER (Vol. 7, p. 939), by William Minto and R. B. McKerrow; THOMAS HEYWOOD (Vol. 13, p. 439); THOMAS MIDDLETON (Vol. 18, p. 416); JOHN MARSTON (Vol. 17, p. 776); PHILIP MASSINGER (Vol. 17, p. 868); JOHN FORD (Vol. 10, p. 641), by A. W. Ward; JAMES SHIRLEY (Vol. 24, p. 990). [Sidenote: 16th and 17th Century Prose] For Elizabethan prose writers not already mentioned, see: the translators, JOHN BOURCHIER, LORD BARON BERNERS (Vol. 3, p. 800), PHILEMON HOLLAND (Vol. 13, p. 587) and GIOVANNI FLORIO (Vol. 10, p. 546); and the philosophers and essayists, RICHARD HOOKER (Vol. 13, p. 672), by T. F. Henderson, FRANCIS BACON, (Vol. 3, p. 135; equivalent to 55 pages of this Guide), by Robert Adamson and J. M. Mitchell, THOMAS HOBBES (Vol. 13, p. 545), by G. Croom Robertson, biographer of Hobbes, SIR THOMAS BROWNE (Vol. 4, p. 666), IZAAK WALTON (Vol. 28, p. 300), ROBERT BURTON (Vol. 4, p. 865), JEREMY TAYLOR (Vol. 26, p. 469), THOMAS FULLER (Vol. 11, p. 296), WILLIAM CHILLINGWORTH (Vol. 6, p. 162), JOHN HALES (Vol. 12, p. 834), RALPH CUDWORTH (Vol. 7, p. 612), by Henry Sturt, author of _Personal Idealism_, etc.; the historian CLARENDON (Vol. 6, p. 428), by P. C. Yorke; and the letter-writer JAMES HOWELL (Vol. 13, p. 838). [Sidenote: Dryden] [Sidenote: Pepys] On the Restoration period—from 1660 to 1700—see Professor Elton’s chapter (Vol. 9, pp. 628–631) in the article ENGLISH LITERATURE; and the articles: JOHN DRYDEN (Vol. 8, p. 609), by William Minto and Margaret Bryant; SAMUEL BUTLER (Vol. 4, p. 885), SIR ISAAC NEWTON (Vol. 19, p. 583), by H. M. Taylor, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; ISAAC BARROW (Vol. 3, p. 440), JOHN RAY (Vol. 22, p. 931), by Prof. D. Wentworth Thompson, University College, Dundee; JOSEPH GLANVILL (Vol. 12, p. 77), THOMAS BURNET (Vol. 4, p. 853), JOHN TILLOTSON (Vol. 26, p. 976), SIR WILLIAM TEMPLE (Vol. 26, p. 602), by G. W. Prothero, editor _The Quarterly Review_ and joint-editor _Cambridge Modern History_, MARQUESS HALIFAX (Vol. 12, p. 839), by P. C. Yorke; ROBERT SOUTH (Vol. 25, p. 463), WILLIAM SHERLOCK (Vol. 24, p. 850), RICHARD BAXTER (Vol. 3, p. 551), JOHN HOWE (Vol. 13, p. 835), GEORGE FOX (Vol. 10, p. 765), JOHN BUNYAN (Vol. 4, p. 803), by Lord Macaulay; 2ND EARL OF ROCHESTER (Vol. 23, p. 427), SIR WILLIAM DAVENANT (Vol. 7, p. 851), NAHUM TATE (Vol. 26, p. 449), THOMAS OTWAY (Vol. 20, p. 376), NATHANIEL LEE (Vol. 16, p. 361), Watts-Dunton’s article WILLIAM WYCHERLEY (Vol. 28, p. 863), and the two great diarists JOHN EVELYN (Vol. 10, p. 5) and SAMUEL PEPYS (Vol. 21, p. 130), by D. Hannay. [Sidenote: Addison, Steele and Swift] [Sidenote: Pope] [Sidenote: Burns] [Sidenote: The Novel] On the 18th century literature see the chapter in the article ENGLISH LITERATURE (Vol. 9, pp. 631–636), by Thomas Seccombe, author of _The Age of Johnson_, etc.; and the articles: JOHN LOCKE (Vol. 16, p. 844), by Prof. Alexander Campbell Fraser, Edinburgh; JOSEPH ADDISON (Vol. 1, p. 184), by William Spalding and Austin Dobson; SIR RICHARD STEELE (Vol. 25, p. 865), by William Minto and Austin Dobson; JONATHAN SWIFT (Vol. 26, p. 224), by Richard Garnett and Thomas Seccombe; JOHN ARBUTHNOT (Vol. 2, p. 339), BERNARD DE MANDEVILLE (Vol. 17, p. 559), by J. M. Mitchell; BOLINGBROKE (Vol. 4, p. 161), by P. C. Yorke; ALEXANDER POPE (Vol. 22, p. 82), by William Minto and Margaret Bryant; MATTHEW PRIOR (Vol. 22, p. 359), by Austin Dobson; JOHN GAY (Vol. 11, p. 540), THOMAS PARNELL (Vol. 20, p. 859), MARK AKENSIDE (Vol. 1, p. 454), JAMES THOMSON (Vol. 26, p. 871) and THOMAS GRAY (Vol. 12, p. 392), both by D. C. Tovey, editor of Gray’s Letters; WILLIAM COLLINS (Vol. 6, p. 692), by Edmund Gosse; CHRISTOPHER SMART (Vol. 25, p. 249), WILLIAM COWPER (Vol. 7, p. 349) and GEORGE CRABBE (Vol. 7, p. 358), by Clement K. Shorter, editor of _The Sphere_, WILLIAM BLAKE (Vol. 4, p. 36), by J. W. Comyns-Carr, author of _Essays on Art_; WILLIAM SHENSTONE (Vol. 24, p. 839), THOMAS CHATTERTON (Vol. 6, p. 10), THOMAS PERCY (Vol. 21, p. 136), THOMAS WARTON (Vol. 28, p. 337), ROBERT BURNS (Vol. 4, p. 856), by John Nichol, the biographer of Burns, Byron and Carlyle; among the prose writers, forerunners of the novel, DANIEL DEFOE (Vol. 7, p. 927), SAMUEL RICHARDSON (Vol. 23, p. 300) and HENRY FIELDING (Vol. 10, p. 324), both by Austin Dobson, TOBIAS SMOLLETT (Vol. 25, p. 278), by Thomas Seccombe, and LAURENCE STERNE (Vol. 25, p. 901), by William Minto and Austin Dobson; the other great prose writers of the age, [Sidenote: Johnson] SAMUEL JOHNSON (Vol. 15, p. 463), by Lord Macaulay and Thomas Seccombe, [Sidenote: Goldsmith] OLIVER GOLDSMITH (Vol. 12, p. 214), by Lord Macaulay and Austin Dobson, LORD CHESTERFIELD (Vol. 6, p. 109), by Austin Dobson, and HORATIO WALPOLE (Vol. 28, p. 288), by W. P. Courtney; in a lesser group, JAMES BOSWELL (Vol. 4, p. 297), by Thomas Seccombe, FRANCES D’ARBLAY, “Fanny Burney” (Vol. 7, p. 826), HESTER LYNCH PIOZZI (Vol. 21, p. 632), GILBERT WHITE (Vol. 28, p. 599); [Sidenote: History] the historians DAVID HUME (Vol. 13, p. 876), by Robert Adamson and J. M. Mitchell, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (Vol. 23, p. 406) and EDWARD GIBBON (Vol. 11, p. 927), by Prof. J. B. Bury, editor of _The Decline and Fall_; and the philosophers, JOSEPH BUTLER (Vol. 4, p. 882), by Robert Adamson and A. J. Grieve, Yorkshire United Independent College, [Sidenote: Philosophy] WILLIAM PALEY (Vol. 20, p. 628), BERKELEY (Vol. 3, p. 779), by Robert Adamson and J. M. Mitchell, THOMAS REID (Vol. 23, p. 51), by Prof. A. Seth Pringle-Pattison, Edinburgh, DAVID HARTLEY (Vol. 13, p. 35), ABRAHAM TUCKER (Vol. 27, p. 361), THOMAS PAINE (Vol. 20, p. 456), JOSEPH PRIESTLY (Vol. 22, p. 322), RICHARD PRICE (Vol. 22, p. 314), by J. M. Mitchell; WILLIAM GODWIN (Vol. 12, p. 177), [Sidenote: Politics] SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH (Vol. 17, p. 259), EDMUND BURKE (Vol. 4, p. 824), by John Morley, and “JUNIUS” (Vol. 15, p. 557),—see also SIR PHILIP FRANCIS (Vol. 10, p. 941). [Sidenote: Lake Poets] [Sidenote: Byron] [Sidenote: Criticism] [Sidenote: History] For the 19th century see the last section of the article ENGLISH LITERATURE (Vol. 9, pp. 636–645), by Thomas Seccombe; and the articles: WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (Vol. 28, p. 826), by William Minto and Hugh Chisholm; S. T. COLERIDGE (Vol. 6, p. 678), by J. Mackinnon Robertson, author of _Modern Humanists_, etc., Hugh Chisholm, and the Very Rev. George David Boyle; CHARLES LAMB (Vol. 16, p. 104), by E. V. Lucas, editor of Lamb; WILLIAM HAZLITT (Vol. 13, p. 119), LEIGH HUNT (Vol. 13, p. 934); DE QUINCEY (Vol. 8, p. 61), by J. Ritchie Findlay, author of _Personal Recollections of De Quincey_; KEATS (Vol. 15, p. 708), by A. C. Swinburne and Margaret Bryant; THOMAS LOVELL BEDDOES (Vol. 3, p. 614), THOMAS HOOD (Vol. 13, p. 666), LANDOR (Vol. 16, p. 161), by A. C. Swinburne; SHELLEY (Vol. 24, p. 827), by W. M. Rossetti; SOUTHEY (Vol. 25, p. 511), CAMPBELL (Vol. 5, p. 130), THOMAS MOORE (Vol. 18, p. 810), LORD BYRON (Vol. 4, p. 897), by E. Hartley Coleridge, editor of _Byron’s Poems_; FRANCIS JEFFREY (Vol. 15, p. 307), SYDNEY SMITH (Vol. 25, p. 268), J. G. LOCKHART (Vol. 16, p. 853), WILLIAM GIFFORD (Vol. 12, p. 5), BENTHAM (Vol. 3, p. 747), by Dr. T. E. Holland, formerly professor of international law, Oxford, MALTHUS (Vol. 17, p. 515), HENRY HALLAM (Vol. 12, p. 851), by Lord Lochee of Gowrie; WILLIAM ROSCOE (Vol. 23, p. 726), by W. E. A. Axon, Manchester Libraries; LINGARD (Vol. 16, p. 728), HENRY HART MILMAN (Vol. 18, p. 476), MACAULAY (Vol. 17, p. 193), by Mark Pattison; THIRLWALL (Vol. 26, p. 851), WILLIAM MITFORD (Vol. 18, p. 620), GROTE (Vol. 12, p. 619), by J. M. Mitchell, edition of Grote’s _Greece_, JAMES MILL (Vol. 18, p. 453), SIR WILLIAM NAPIER (Vol. 19, p. 175), WILLIAM COBBETT (Vol. 6, p. 606), SIR WALTER SCOTT (Vol. 24, p. 469), by William Minto; [Sidenote: Fiction] LEVER (Vol. 16, pp. 508–510), MARRYAT (Vol. 17, p. 759), BULWER LYTTON (Vol. 17, p. 185), by Arthur Waugh; BEACONSFIELD (Vol. 3, p. 563), by Frederick Greenwood; JANE AUSTEN (Vol. 2, p. 936), by E. V. Lucas; MARIA EDGEWORTH (Vol. 8, p. 934), HARRIET MARTINEAU (Vol. 17, p. 796), MARY RUSSELL MITFORD (Vol. 18, p. 619), ELIZABETH CLEGHORN GASKELL (Vol. 11, p. 501) and the BRONTËS (Vol. 4, p. 637), by C. K. Shorter; THOMAS LOVE PEACOCK (Vol. 21, p. 21), by Richard Garnett; GEORGE MEREDITH (Vol. 18, p. 160), by Hugh Chisholm; [Sidenote: Tennyson, Browning and Carlyle] TENNYSON (Vol. 26, p. 630), by E. Gosse; ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING (Vol. 4, p. 668), by Alice Meynell; ROBERT BROWNING (Vol. 4, p. 670) and CARLYLE (Vol. 5, p. 349), both by Sir Leslie Stephen; CHARLES READ (Vol. 22, p. 938), DICKENS (Vol. 8, p. 178), by Thomas Seccombe; [Sidenote: Victorian Novelists] THACKERAY (Vol. 26, p. 716), by W. H. Pollock; GEORGE ELIOT (Vol. 9, p. 275), by Mrs. Craigie (“John Oliver Hobbes”); ANTHONY TROLLOPE (Vol. 27, p. 301), WILKIE COLLINS (Vol. 6, p. 693), CHARLES and HENRY KINGSLEY (Vol. 15, p. 817); HERBERT SPENCER (Vol. 25, p. 634), by F. C. S. Schiller, author of _Studies in Humanism_, etc.; [Sidenote: Natural Science] JOHN STUART MILL (Vol. 18, p. 454), by William Minto and J. M. Mitchell; CHARLES DARWIN (Vol. 7, p. 840), by Prof. E. B. Poulton, Oxford; HUXLEY (Vol. 14, p. 17), by Sir W. T. Thiselton-Dyer; J. R. GREEN (Vol. 12, p. 534), [Sidenote: History] WILLIAM STUBBS (Vol. 25, p. 1048), E. A. FREEMAN (Vol. 11, p. 79) and J. A. FROUDE (Vol. 11, p. 252), all by William Hunt, formerly president Royal Historical Society; LECKY (Vol. 16, p. 354), BUCKLE (Vol. 4, p. 732), MAINE (Vol. 17, p. 432), by Sir Frederick Pollock; GEORGE BORROW (Vol. 4, p. 275), by Theodore Watts-Dunton; [Sidenote: Arnold] EDWARD FITZGERALD (Vol. 10, p. 443), by E. Gosse; MATTHEW ARNOLD (Vol. 2, p. 635), by Theodore Watts-Dunton and Sir Joshua Girling Fitch; [Sidenote: Ruskin] JOHN RUSKIN (Vol. 23, p. 858), by Frederic Harrison; DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI (Vol. 23, p. 747), by Theodore Watts-Dunton and F. G. Stephens, formerly art-critic of the _Athenaeum_; SWINBURNE (Vol. 26, p. 234), by E. Gosse; WILLIAM MORRIS (Vol. 18, p. 871), JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS (Vol. 26, p. 286) and WALTER PATER (Vol. 20, p. 910) all by Arthur Waugh; [Sidenote: Oxford Movement] NEWMAN (Vol. 19, p. 517), by Arthur Wollaston Hutton, biographer of Manning; JOHN KEBLE (Vol. 15, p. 710), EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY (Vol. 22, p. 667), RICHARD JEFFERIES (Vol. 15, p. 300), by Sir Walter Besant, biographer of Jeffries; THOMAS HARDY (Vol. 12, p. 946), by Arthur Symons; ROBERT STEVENSON (Vol. 25, p. 907), by E. Gosse; and among later names—the historians LORD ACTON (Vol. 1, p. 159), by Hugh Chisholm, [Sidenote: History] MANDELL CREIGHTON (Vol. 7, p. 401), MORLEY (Vol. 18, p. 841), BRYCE (Vol. 4, p. 699) and BURY (Vol. 4, p. 867); the novelists WILLIAM BLACK (Vol. 4, p. 19), BLACKMORE (Vol. 4, p. 24), M. E. BRADDON (Vol. 4, p. 369), MRS. HUMPHRY WARD (Vol. 28, p. 320), MARIE CORELLI (Vol. 7, p. 143), HALL CAINE (Vol. 4, p. 949), GEORGE GISSING (Vol. 12, p. 52), GEORGE MOORE (Vol. 18, p. 808), H. G. WELLS (Vol. 28, p. 514), WILLIAM DE MORGAN (Vol. 8, p. 10), [Sidenote: Fiction] RUDYARD KIPLING (Vol. 15, p. 825), by W. Price James, author of _Romantic Professions_, etc.; the critics and essayists WALTER BAGEHOT (Vol. 3, p. 198), by Richard Garnett, STOPFORD A. BROOK (Vol. 4, p. 645), MARK PATTISON (Vol. 20, p. 937), [Sidenote: Essays and Criticism] LESLIE STEPHEN (Vol. 25, p. 885), by Thomas Seccombe, H. D. TRAILL (Vol. 27, p. 155), GEORGE SAINTSBURY (Vol. 24, p. 45), SIDNEY COLVIN (Vol. 6, p. 748), WATTS-DUNTON (Vol. 28, p. 422), R. C. JEBB (Vol. 15, p. 299), F. W. H. MYERS (Vol. 19, p. 111), EDWARD DOWDEN (Vol. 8, p. 456), WILLIAM ARCHER (Vol. 2, p. 362), RICHARD GARNETT (Vol. 11, p. 471), EDMUND GOSSE (Vol. 12, p. 268), ANDREW LANG (Vol. 16, p. 171), G. K. CHESTERTON (Vol. 6, p. 111), ARTHUR SYMONS (Vol. 26, p. 287),—a list in which it is interesting to note how many are contributors to the Encyclopaedia Britannica; of poets, [Sidenote: Recent Poetry] ROBERT BRIDGES (Vol. 4, p. 532), so recently named poet-laureate, his predecessor ALFRED AUSTIN (Vol. 2, p. 938), WILLIAM WATSON (Vol. 28, p. 414), by W. Price James, W. B. YEATS (Vol. 28, p. 909), WILLIAM SHARP, “Fiona Macleod” (Vol. 24, p. 811), FRANCIS THOMPSON (Vol. 26, p. 869), JOHN DAVIDSON (Vol. 7, p. 863), SIR W. S. GILBERT (Vol. 12, p. 9), by Thomas Seccombe; OWEN SEAMAN (Vol. 24, p. 543), LAURENCE BINYON (Vol. 3, p. 952), H. J. NEWBOLT (Vol. 19, p. 463), STEPHEN PHILLIPS (Vol. 21, p. 407), ALICE MEYNELL (Vol. 18, p. 350); and of the younger dramatists, [Sidenote: Modern Drama] OSCAR WILDE (Vol. 28, p. 632), by Hugh Chisholm, SIR A. W. PINERO (Vol. 21, p. 625), A. H. JONES (Vol. 15, p. 498), J. M. BARRIE (Vol. 3, p. 435), by W. Price James; G. BERNARD SHAW (Vol. 24, p. 812),—and see also under DRAMA (Vol. 8, especially pp. 534–538).