A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson
6. Another savant of the same period, Don Joseph de Clavijo y Faxardo,
director of the natural history collection at Madrid, was in turn
arraigned as having "adopted the anti-Christian principles of modern
philosophy." He had been the friend of Buffon and Voltaire at Paris,
had admirably translated Buffon's Natural History, with notes, and was
naturally something of a deist and materialist. Having the protection
of Aranda, he escaped with a secret penance and abjuration. [1617]
Don Thomas Iriarte, chief of the archives in the ministry of foreign
affairs, was likewise indicted towards the end of the reign of Charles
III, as "suspected of anti-Christian philosophy," and escaped with
similarly light punishment. [1618]
Chapters
- Chapter 1 Ch.1
- 1. Influence of Montaigne and Charron. Gui Patin. Naudé. La Ch.2
- 4. Vogue of freethinking. Malherbe. Joan Fontanier. Théophile Ch.3
- 15. Developments in France. The polemic of Abbadie. Persecution Ch.4
- 16. St. Evremond. Regnard. La Bruyère. Spread of Ch.5
- 1. Boulainvilliers. Strifes in the Church. Fénelon and Ramsay. Ch.6
- 11. Progress of tolerance. Marie Huber. Resistance of bigotry. Ch.7
- 13. New politics. The less famous freethinkers: Burigny; Ch.8
- 14. N.-A. Boulanger. Dumarsais. Prémontval. Solidity of much Ch.9
- 18. Freethought in the Académie. Beginnings in classical Ch.10
- 22. Study of Nature. Fontenelle. Lenglet du Fresnoy. De Ch.11
- 27. The conventional myth and the facts. Necker. Abbé Grégoire. Ch.12
- 28. Religious and political forces of revolt. The polemic Ch.13
- 30. The polemic of Mallet du Pan. Saner views of Barante. Ch.14
- 33. Napoleon 292 Ch.15
- 1. Moral Decline under Lutheranism. Freethought before the Ch.16
- 12. English and French influences. The scientific movement. Ch.17
- 14. Mauvillon. Nicolai. Riem. Schade. Basedow. Eberhard. Ch.18
- 18. Vogue of deism. Wieland. Cases of Isenbiehl and Steinbuhler. Ch.19
- 22. Influence of Kant. The sequel. Hamann. Chr. A. Crusius. Ch.20
- 25. Austria. Jahn. Joseph II. Beethoven 351 Ch.21
- 1. Course of the Reformation. Subsequent wars. Ch.22
- 5. Upper-class indifference. Gustavus III. Kjellgren and Ch.23
- 6. Revival of thought in Denmark. Struensee. Mary Ch.24
- 2. Russia. Nikon. Peter the Great. Kantemir. Catherine 363 Ch.25
- 3. Subsequent scientific thought. General revival of Ch.26
- 4. Beccaria. Algarotti. Filangieri. Galiani. Genovesi. Ch.27
- 9. Portugal. Pombal 377 Ch.28
- 6. Palmer. Houston. Deism and Unitarianism 385 Ch.29
- 3. Pietist persecution. Richard Carlile. John Clarke. Ch.30
- 7. Charles Bradlaugh and Secularism. Imprisonment of Ch.31
- 8. New literary developments. Lecky. Conway. Winwood Ch.32
- 9. Freethought in France. Social schemes. Fourier. Ch.33
- 10. Bigotry in Spain. Popular freethought in Catholic Ch.34
- 11. Fluctuations in Germany. Persistence of religious Ch.35
- 15. Clerical rationalism in Protestant countries. Ch.36
- 17. The United States. Ingersoll. Lincoln. Stephen Ch.37
- 1. Rationalism in Germany. The Schleiermacher reaction: Ch.38
- 7. Strauss's second Life of Jesus. His politics. His Ch.39
- 8. Fluctuating progress of criticism. Important issues Ch.40
- 10. Falling-off in German candidates for the ministry as in Ch.41
- 11. Attack and defence in England. The Tractarian reaction. Ch.42
- 12. New Testament criticism in France. Renan and Havet 439 Ch.43
- 3. Béranger. De Musset. Victor Hugo. Leconte de Lisle. The Ch.44
- 4. Poetry in England. Shelley. Coleridge. The romantic Ch.45
- 7. Orthodoxy and conformity. Bain's view of Carlyle, Ch.46
- 8. The literary influence. Ruskin. Arnold. Intellectual Ch.47
- 9. English fiction from Miss Edgeworth to the present Ch.48
- 15. The Scandinavian States 457 Ch.49
- 1. Progress in cosmology. Laplace and modern astronomy. Ch.50
- 8. Triumph of evolutionism. Spencer. Clifford. Huxley 466 Ch.51
- 1. Eighteenth-century sociology. Salverte. Charles Ch.52
- 2. Progress in England. Orthodoxy of Hallam. Carlyle. Ch.53
- 4. Mythology and anthropology. Tylor. Spencer. Avebury. Ch.54
- 9. Philosophy in Britain. Bentham. James Mill. Grote. Ch.55
- 12. J. S. Mill 489 Ch.56
- CHAPTER XIII Ch.57
- 1638. Kepler's indecisive Mysterium Cosmographicum appeared only in Ch.58
- 1. The Latin letter of Gaspar Schopp (Scioppius), dated February Ch.59
- 2. There are preserved two extracts from Roman news-letters Ch.60
- 3. There has been found, by a Catholic investigator, a double entry Ch.61
- episode is well vouched; and the argument from the silence of Ch.62
- 1649. As M. Desdouits staked his case on the absence of allusion to Ch.63
- CHAPTER XIV Ch.64
- 1662. [376] Under the Commonwealth (1656) James Naylor, the Quaker, Ch.65
- 1683. Dr. Rust, Discourse on the Use of Reason in ... Religion, Ch.66
- 1685. Duke of Buckingham, A Short Discourse upon the Reasonableness Ch.67
- 1691. John Ray, Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Ch.68
- 1695. John Edwards, B.D., Some Thoughts concerning the Several Causes Ch.69
- 1696. Sir C. Wolseley, The Unreasonableness of Atheism Demonstrated. Ch.70
- 1696. Dr. Nichols' Conference with a Theist. Pt. I. (Answer to Ch.71
- 1696. J. Edwards, D.D., A Demonstration of the Evidence and Ch.72
- 1696. E. Pelling, Discourse ... on the Existence of God. (Pt. II in Ch.73
- 1697. Stephen Eye, A Discourse concerning Natural and Revealed Ch.74
- 1697. Bishop Gastrell, The Certainty and Necessity of Religion. Ch.75
- 1698. Dr. J. Harris, A Refutation of Atheistical Objections. (Boyle Ch.76
- 1698. Thos. Emes, The Atheist turned Deist, and the Deist turned Ch.77
- 1699. J. Bradley, An Impartial View of the Truth of Christianity. Ch.78
- 1700. Bishop Bradford, The Credibility of the Christian Revelation. Ch.79
- 1702. Dr. Stanhope, The Truth and Excellency of the Christian Ch.80
- 1705. Ed. Pelling, Discourse concerning the existence of God. Part Ch.81
- 1705. Dr. Samuel Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes Ch.82
- 1706. Th. Wise, B.D., A Confutation of the Reason and Philosophy of Ch.83
- 1706. T. Oldfield, Mille Testes; against the Atheists, Deists, and Ch.84
- 1707. Dr. J. Hancock, Arguments to prove the Being of a God. (Boyle Ch.85
- CHAPTER XV Ch.86
- 1. We have seen France, in the first quarter of the seventeenth Ch.87
- 2. On the other hand, the resort on the part of the Catholics to a Ch.88
- 3. Between the negative development of the doctrine of Montaigne and Ch.89
- 4. The general tendency is revealed on the one hand by the series Ch.90
- 5. Equally freethinking was his brilliant predecessor and early Ch.91
- 6. Even in the apologetic reasoning of the greatest French prose Ch.92
- 7. A similar fatality attended the labours of the learned Huet, Bishop Ch.93
- 8. Meanwhile the philosophy of Descartes, if less strictly propitious Ch.94
- 9. Yet another philosophic figure of the reign of Louis XIV, the Jesuit Ch.95
- 10. Yet another new departure was made in the France of Louis XIV Ch.96
- 11. Such an evolution could not occur in France without affecting the Ch.97
- 12. As Meyer was one of the most intimate friends of Spinoza, being Ch.98
- 13. The appearance in 1678 of a Dutch treatise "against all sorts of Ch.99
- 14. No greater service was rendered in that age to the spread of Ch.100
- 15. Meantime, Spinoza had reinforced the critical movement in France, Ch.101
- 16. Of the new Epicureans, the most famous in his day was Ch.102
- CHAPTER XVI Ch.103
- 405. It is noteworthy that a volume of controversial sermons Ch.104
- 1752. The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken. Four vols. Ch.105
- 1765. W. Dudgeon, Philosophical Works (reprints of those of 1732, Ch.106
- 1772. E. Evanson, The Doctrines of a Trinity and the Ch.107
- 1773. ---- Three Discourses (1. Upon the Man after God's own Ch.108
- 1781. W. Nicholson, The Doubts of the Infidels. (Rep. by R. Ch.109
- 1782. W. Turner, Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Ch.110
- 1785. Dr. G. Hoggart Toulmin, The Antiquity and Duration of the Ch.111
- 1792. E. Evanson, The Dissonance of the Four Evangelists. Ch.112
- 1795. Dr. J. A. O'Keefe, On the Progress of the Human Ch.113
- 1797. John C. Davies, The Scripturian's Creed. Prosecuted and Ch.114
- 1797. The latter writer states (2nd ed. p. 126) that "infidelity is Ch.115
- CHAPTER XVII Ch.116
- 1. The fruits of the intellectual movement of the seventeenth Ch.117
- 2. At the same time the continuous output of apologetics testified Ch.118
- 3. There was thus no adaptation on the side of the Church to the forces Ch.119
- 4. As the new intellectual movement began to find expression, then, it Ch.120
- 5. A continuous development may be traced throughout the Ch.121
- 6. One of the most comprehensive freethinking works of the century, the Ch.122
- 7. Apart from this direct influence, too, others of the cloth bore Ch.123
- 8. With the ground prepared as we have seen, freethought was bound Ch.124
- 9. It is thus a complete mistake on the part of Buckle to affirm Ch.125
- 10. The rest of Voltaire's long life was a sleepless and dexterous Ch.126
- 11. It is difficult to realize how far the mere demand for Ch.127
- 12. A new era of propaganda and struggle had visibly begun. In Ch.128
- 1700. Lettre d'Hypocrate à Damagète, attributed to the Comte de Ch.129
- 1700. [Claude Gilbert.] Histoire de Calejava, ou de l'isle des hommes Ch.130
- 1704. [Gueudeville.] Dialogues de M. le Baron de la Houtan et d'un Ch.131
- 1709. Lettre sur l'enthousiasme (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by Samson). Ch.132
- 1710. [Tyssot de Patot, Symon.] Voyages et Avantures de Jaques Massé. Ch.133
- 1710. Essai sur l'usage de la raillerie (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by Ch.134
- 1712. [Deslandes, A. F. B.] Reflexions sur les grands hommes qui sont Ch.135
- 1714. Discours sur la liberté de penser [French tr. of Collins's Ch.136
- 1720. Same work rep. under the double title: De tribus impostoribus: Ch.137
- 1724. [Lévesque de Burigny.] Histoire de la philosophie payenne. La Ch.138
- 1730. [Bernard, J.-F.] Dialogues critiques et philosophiques. "Par Ch.139
- 1731. Réfutation des erreurs de Benoît de Spinoza, par Fénelon, le P. Ch.140
- 1734. [Voltaire.] Lettres philosophiques. 4 edd. within the year. Ch.141
- 1734. [Longue, Louis-Pierre de.] Les Princesses Malabares, ou le Ch.142
- 1737. Marquis D'Argens. La Philosophie du Bon Sens. (Berlin: 8th Ch.143
- 1738. [Marie Huber.] Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme, Ch.144
- 1739. ----, Suite to the foregoing, "servant de réponse aux Ch.145
- 1741. [Deslandes.] Pigmalion, ou la Statue animée. [Condemned to be Ch.146
- 1741. ----, De la Certitude des connaissances humaines ... traduit de Ch.147
- 1743. Nouvelles libertés de penser. Amsterdam. [Edited by Dumarsais. Ch.148
- 1745. [Lieut. De la Serre.] La vraie religion traduite de l'Ecriture Ch.149
- 1745. [La Mettrie.] Histoire naturelle de l'âme. [Condemned to be Ch.150
- 1748. [P. Estève.] L'Origine de l'Univers expliquée par un principe Ch.151
- 1748. [Benoît de Maillet.] Telliamed, ou Entretiens d'un philosophe Ch.152
- 1751. [Mirabaud, J. B. de.] Le Monde, son origine et son antiquité. Ch.153
- 1752. [Gouvest, J. H. Maubert de.] Lettres Iroquoises. "Irocopolis, Ch.154
- 1752. [Génard, F.] L'École de l'homme, ou Parallèle des Portraits du Ch.155
- 1753. [Baume-Desdossat, Canon of Avignon.] La Christiade. [Book Ch.156
- 1753. Astruc, Jean. Conjectures sur les mémoires originaux dont il Ch.157
- 1754. Prémontval, A. I. le Guay de. Le Diogène de d'Alembert, ou Ch.158
- 1754. Burigny, J. L. Théologie payenne. 2 tom. (New ed. of his Ch.159
- 1754. Beausobre, L. de (the younger). Pyrrhonisme du Sage. Berlin. Ch.160
- 1755. Recherches philosophiques sur la liberté de l'homme. Trans. of Ch.161
- 1755. Analyse raisonnée de Bayle. 4 tom. [By the Abbé de Marsy. Ch.162
- 1755. [Deleyre.] Analyse de la philosophie de Bacon. (Largely an Ch.163
- 1757. Prémontval. Vues Philosophiques. (Amsterdam.) Ch.164
- 1759. Translation of Hume's Natural History of Religion and Ch.165
- 1761. [N.-A. Boulanger. [1020]] Recherches sur l'origine du Ch.166
- 1761. Rep. of De la Serre's La vraie religion as Examen de la Ch.167
- 1761. [D'Holbach.] Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Imprint: "Londres, Ch.168
- 1762. Rousseau. Émile. [Publicly burned at Paris and at Geneva. Ch.169
- 1762. Robinet, J. B. De la nature. Vol. i. (Vol. ii in 1764; iii and Ch.170
- 1764. [Voltaire.] Dictionnaire philosophique portatif. [1021] [First Ch.171
- 1764. Lettres secrètes de M. de Voltaire. [Holland. Collection of Ch.172
- 1764. L'Évangile de la Raison. Ouvrage posthume de M. D. M----y. [Ed. Ch.173
- 1765. Recueil Nécessaire, avec L'Évangile de la Raison, 2 tom. Ch.174
- 1766. Boulanger, N. A. L'Antiquité dévoilée. [1023] 3 tom. [Recast by Ch.175
- 1766. Voyage de Robertson aux terres australes. Traduit sur le Ch.176
- 1766. De Prades. Abrégé de l'histoire ecclésiastique de Fleury. Ch.177
- 1766. [Burigny.] Examen critique des Apologistes de la religion Ch.178
- 1766. [Abbé Millot.] Histoire philosophique de l'homme. [Naturalistic Ch.179
- 1767. Doutes sur la religion (attributed to Gueroult de Pival), suivi Ch.180
- 1767. Lettre de Thrasybule à Leucippe. [Published under the name of Ch.181
- 1767. [D'Holbach.] L'Imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de pièces sur Ch.182
- 1767. Reprint of Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Condemned to be burnt, Ch.183
- 1768. Meister, J. H. De l'origine des principes religieux. Ch.184
- 1768. Catalogue raisonné des esprits forts, depuis le curé Ch.185
- 1768. [D'Holbach.] La Contagion sacrée, ou histoire naturelle de Ch.186
- 1768. ---- Lettres philosophiques sur l'origine des préjugés, Ch.187
- 1768. ---- Lettres à Eugénie, ou preservatif contre les Ch.188
- 1768. ---- Théologie Portative. "Par l'abbé Bernier." [Also Ch.189
- 1768. Traité des trois Imposteurs. (See 1719 and 1720.) Rep. Ch.190
- 1768. Naigeon, J. A. Le militaire philosophe. [Adaptation of a Ch.191
- 1768. Examen des prophéties qui servent de fondement à la Ch.192
- 1768. Robinet. Considérations philosophiques. Ch.193
- 1769. [Diderot. Also ascribed to Castillon.] Histoire générale Ch.194
- 1769. [Mirabaud.] Opinions des anciens sur les juifs, and Ch.195
- 1769. [Isoard-Delisle, otherwise Delisle de Sales.] De la Ch.196
- 1769. [Seguier de Saint-Brisson.] Traité des Droits de Génie, Ch.197
- 1770. ---- Examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de Saint Ch.198
- 1770. ---- Essai sur les Préjugés. (Not by Dumarsais, whose name Ch.199
- 1770. Recueil Philosophique. 2 tom. [Edited by Naigeon. Contains Ch.200
- 1770. Analyse de Bayle. Rep. of the four vols. of De Marsy, with Ch.201
- 1770. Raynal (with Diderot and others). Histoire philosophique Ch.202
- 1772. Le Bon Sens. [Adaptation from Meslier by Diderot and Ch.203
- 1773. Helvétius. De l'Homme. Ouvrage posthume. 2 tom. [Condemned to Ch.204
- 1774. Abauzit, F. Réflexions impartiales sur les Évangiles, suivies Ch.205
- 1774. New edition of Theologie Portative. 2 tom. [Condemned to be Ch.206
- 1775. [Voltaire.] Histoire de Jenni, ou Le Sage et l'Athée. [Attack Ch.207
- 1777. Examen critique du Nouveau Testament, "par M. Fréret." [Not Ch.208
- 1779. Vie d'Apollonius de Tyane par Philostrate, avec les Ch.209
- 1780. Clootz, Anacharsis. La Certitude des preuves du Mahométisme. Ch.210
- 1780. Second ed. of Raynal's Histoire philosophique, with Ch.211
- 1784. Pougens, M. C. J. de. Récréations de philosophie et de Ch.212
- 1788. Pastoret. Moïse considéré comme legislateur et comme Ch.213
- 1788. Maréchal. Almanach des honnêtes gens. [Author imprisoned; Ch.214
- 1789. Cerutti (Jesuit Father). Bréviaire Philosophique, ou Histoire Ch.215
- 1795. La Fable de Christ dévoilée; ou Lettre du muphti de Ch.216
- 1798. Maréchal. Pensées libres sur les prêtres. A Rome, et se Ch.217
- 13. It will be noted that after 1770--coincidently, indeed, with a Ch.218
- 14. One of the most remarkable of the company in some respects is Ch.219
- 15. Though the bibliographers claim to have traced the authorship in Ch.220
- 16. Above the scattered band of minor combatants rises a group of Ch.221
- 17. An interlude in the critical campaign, little noticed at the time, Ch.222
- 18. In the select Parisian arena of the Académie, the intellectual Ch.223
- 19. In 1759 there came a check. The Encyclopédie, which had been Ch.224
- 20. Voltaire could not compass, as he for a time schemed, the election Ch.225
- 21. Alongside of the more strictly literary or humanist movement, Ch.226
- 22. A more general influence, naturally, attached to the Ch.227
- 23. But science, like theology, had its schisms, and the rationalizing Ch.228
- 24. Over all of these men, and even in some measure over Voltaire, Ch.229
- 25. With Diderot were specially associated, in different ways, Ch.230
- 26. The death of d'Holbach (1789) brings us to the French Ch.231
- 27. No part of the history of freethought has been more distorted Ch.232
- 28. The anti-atheistic and anti-philosophic legend was born of the Ch.233
- 29. If any careful attempt be made to analyse the situation, the Ch.234
- 30. A survey of the work and attitude of the leading French Ch.235
- 31. While the true causation of the Revolution is thus kept clear, Ch.236
- 32. Among many other illustrations of the passion for persecution in Ch.237
- 33. This section would not be complete even in outline without some Ch.238
- CHAPTER XVIII Ch.239
- 1. When two generations of Protestant strife had turned to naught the Ch.240
- 2. While, however, clerical action could drive such a movement under Ch.241
- 1662. Th. Gegenbauer. Preservatio wider die Pest der heutigen Ch.242
- 1668. J. Musæus. Examen Cherburianismi. Contra E. Herbertum de Ch.243
- 1668. Anton Reiser. De origine, progressu, et incremento Antitheismi Ch.244
- 1677. Val. Greissing. Corona Transylvani; Exerc. 2, de Atheismo, Ch.245
- 1689. Th. Undereyck. Der Närrische Atheist in seiner Thorheit Ch.246
- 1697. A. H. Grosse. An Atheismus necessario ducat ad corruptionem Ch.247
- 1708. Loescher. Prænotiones Theologicæ contra Naturalistarum et Ch.248
- 1708. Rechenberg. Fundamenta veræ religionis Prudentum, adversus Ch.249
- 1710. J. C. Wolfius. Dissertatio de Atheismi falso suspectis. Ch.250
- 1713. Anon. Widerlegung der Atheisten, Deisten, und neuen Zweifeler. Ch.251
- 3. For a community in which the reading class was mainly clerical and Ch.252
- 4. Other culture-conditions concurred to set up a spirit of rationalism Ch.253
- 5. After the collapse of the popular movement of Matthias Knutzen, Ch.254
- 6. A personality of a very different kind emerges in the same period Ch.255
- 7. Among the pupils of Thomasius at Halle was Theodore Louis Lau, Ch.256
- 8. While Thomasius was still at work, a new force arose of a more Ch.257
- 9. Even before the generation of active pressure from English and Ch.258
- 10. To the same period belong the first activities of Johann Christian Ch.259
- 11. Even from decorous and official exponents of religion, however, Ch.260
- 12. Alongside of home-made heresy there had come into play a new Ch.261
- 13. Frederick, though reputed a Voltairean freethinker par excellence, Ch.262
- 14. The social vogue of deistic thought could now be traced in much of Ch.263
- 15. If it be true that even the rationalizing defenders of Christianity Ch.264
- 16. Much more notorious than any other German deist of his time was Ch.265
- 17. Alongside of these propagators of popular rationalism stood Ch.266
- 18. Deism was now as prevalent in educated Germany as in France or Ch.267
- 19. Meanwhile, the drift of the age of Aufklärung was apparent in Ch.268
- 20. No less certain is the unbelief of Schiller (1759-1805), whom Ch.269
- 21. The critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) may be said Ch.270
- 22. The total performance of Kant thus left Germany with a powerful Ch.271
- 23. Some philosophic opposition there was to Kant, alike on Ch.272
- 24. It is true that the progressive work was not all done by the Ch.273
- 25. The emancipation, too, was limited in area in the German-speaking Ch.274
- CHAPTER XIX Ch.275
- 1. Traces of new rationalistic life are to be seen in the Scandinavian Ch.276
- 2. For long, the only personality making powerfully for culture was Ch.277
- 3. In Sweden, meantime, there had occurred some reflex of the Ch.278
- 4. That there was, however, in eighteenth-century Sweden a considerable Ch.279
- 5. According to one of Swedenborg's biographers, the worldliness of Ch.280
- 6. In Denmark, on the other hand, the stagnation of nearly a hundred Ch.281
- 1. In Poland, where, as we saw, Unitarian heresy had spread Ch.282
- 2. In Russia the possibilities of modern freethought emerge only in Ch.283
- 1. Returning to Italy, no longer the leader of European thought, but Ch.284
- 2. First came the great work of Vico, the Principles of a New Science Ch.285
- 3. It is noteworthy, indeed, that the "New Science," as Vico boasted, Ch.286
- 1763. Thenceforth for many years there raged, "under the eyes of Pope Ch.287
- 4. Between 1737 and 1798 may be counted twenty-eight Italian writers Ch.288
- 1. For the rest of Europe during the eighteenth century, we have Ch.289
- 2. Still all freethinking in Spain ran immense risks, even under Ch.290
- 3. Another grandee, Don Christophe Ximenez de Gongora, Duke of Ch.291
- 4. In another case, a freethinking priest skilfully anticipated Ch.292
- 5. Out of a long series of other men of letters persecuted by the Ch.293
- 6. Another savant of the same period, Don Joseph de Clavijo y Faxardo, Ch.294
- 7. Still in the same reign, the Jesuit Francisco de Ista, author of an Ch.295
- 8. It is plain that the combined power of the Church, the orders, Ch.296
- 9. Portugal in the same period, despite the anti-clerical policy Ch.297
- CHAPTER XX Ch.298
- 1. Perhaps the most signal of all the proofs of the change wrought Ch.299
- 2. The rise of rationalism in the colonies must be traced in the main Ch.300
- 3. Similarly prudent was Jefferson, who, like Franklin and Paine, Ch.301
- 4. Nothing in American culture-history more clearly proves the last Ch.302
- 5. Its immediate effect was much greater in Britain, where his Rights Ch.303
- 6. The habit of reticence or dissimulation among American public men Ch.304
- CHAPTER XXI Ch.305
- 1. In Great Britain and America, the new movements of popular Ch.306
- 2. In France and elsewhere, the reverberation of the attack Ch.307
- 3. German "rationalism," proceeding from English deism, moving Ch.308
- 4. The literary compromise of Lessing, claiming for all religions Ch.309
- 5. In England, the neo-Christianity of the school of Coleridge, Ch.310
- 6. The utilitarianism of the school of Bentham, carried into Ch.311
- 7. Comtism, making little direct impression on the "constructive" Ch.312
- 8. German philosophy, Kantian and post-Kantian, in particular Ch.313
- 9. German atheism and scientific "materialism"--represented Ch.314
- 10. Revived English deism, involving destructive criticism Ch.315
- 12. Colenso's preliminary attack on the narrative of the Ch.316
- 13. The later or scientific "higher criticism" of the Old Ch.317
- 14. New historical criticism of Christian origins, in particular Ch.318
- 15. Exhibition of rationalism within the churches, as in Germany, Ch.319
- 16. Association of rationalistic doctrine with the Socialist Ch.320
- 17. Communication of doubt and moral questioning through poetry and Ch.321
- 4. The comprehension of all science in the Evolution Theory, Ch.322
- 7. Sociology, as outlined by Comte, Buckle, Spencer, Winwood Reade, Ch.323
- 8. Comparative Hierology; the methodical application of principles Ch.324
- 9. Above all, the later development of Anthropology (in the wide Ch.325
- 1. Penal laws, still operative in Britain and Germany against Ch.326
- 2. Class interests, involving in the first half of the century Ch.327
- 3. Commercial pressure thus set up, and always involved in the Ch.328
- 4. In England, identification of orthodox Dissent with political Ch.329
- 5. Concessions by the clergy, especially in England and the United Ch.330
- 6. Above all, the production of new masses of popular ignorance Ch.331
- 7. On this basis, business-like and in large part secular-minded Ch.332
- 1. If any one circumstance more than another differentiates the life Ch.333
- 2. Meantime, new writers arose to carry into fuller detail the attacks Ch.334
- 3. As the years went on, the persecution in England grew still fiercer; Ch.335
- 4. In this evolution political activities played an important Ch.336
- 5. Holyoake had been a missionary and martyr in the movement Ch.337
- 6. This date broadly coincides with the maximum domination of Ch.338
- 7. In 1858 there was elected to the presidency of the London Secular Ch.339
- 8. The special energy of the English secularist movement in the ninth Ch.340
- 9. In the first half of the century popular forms of freethought Ch.341
- 10. In other Catholic countries the course of popular culture in Ch.342
- 11. In Germany, as we have seen, the relative selectness of culture, Ch.343
- 12. Under the widely-different political conditions in Russia and Ch.344
- 13. "Free-religious" societies, such as have been noted in Germany, Ch.345
- 14. Alongside of the lines of movement before sketched, there has Ch.346
- 15. A partly similar evolution has taken place among the Protestant Ch.347
- 16. The history of popular freethought in Sweden yields a good Ch.348
- 17. Only in the United States has the public lecture platform been Ch.349
- 1. At the beginning of the century, educated men in general Ch.350
- 2. Gradually that had developed a greater precision of method, Ch.351
- 3. No less remarkable was the check to the few attempts which had Ch.352
- 4. But as regards the gospel history in general, the first Leben Ch.353
- 5. For a time there was undoubtedly "reaction," engineered with the Ch.354
- 6. Another expert of Baur's school, Albrecht Schwegler, author of Ch.355
- 7. In 1864, after an abstention of twenty years from discussion of Ch.356
- 1870. In what is now recognized as the national manner, he wrote two Ch.357
- 8. And it was long before even Strauss's early method of scientific Ch.358
- 9. In New Testament criticism, though the strict critical method of Ch.359
- 10. The movement of Biblical and other criticism in Germany has had Ch.360
- 11. On a less extensive scale than in Germany, critical study of the Ch.361
- 12. In France systematic criticism of the sacred books recommenced Ch.362
- 1. The whole imaginative literature of Europe, in the generation Ch.363
- 2. The literary history of France since his death decides the question, Ch.364
- 3. In French poetry the case is hardly otherwise. Béranger, who Ch.365
- 4. In England it was due above all to Shelley that the very age of Ch.366
- 5. One of the best-beloved names in English literature, Charles Lamb, Ch.367
- 6. While a semi-Bohemian like Lamb could thus dare to challenge the Ch.368
- 7. This attitude of orthodoxy, threatening ostracism to any avowed Ch.369
- 8. Thus for a whole generation honest and narrow-minded believers were Ch.370
- 9. In English fiction, the beginning of the end of genuine faith Ch.371
- 10. Among the most artistically gifted of the English story-writers and Ch.372
- 11. Though Shelley was anathema to English Christians in his own Ch.373
- 12. Of the imaginative literature of the United States, as of that of Ch.374
- 13. Of the vast modern output of belles lettres in continental Europe, Ch.375
- 1850. "If I could only go out on crutches!" he exclaimed; adding: Ch.376
- 14. But perhaps the most considerable evidence, in belles lettres, Ch.377
- 15. In the Scandinavian States, again, there are hardly any Ch.378
- 1. The power of intellectual habit and tradition had preserved Ch.379
- 2. From France came likewise the impulse to a naturalistic handling Ch.380
- 3. In England the influence of the French stimulus in physiology Ch.381
- 4. A more general effect, however, was probably wrought by the science Ch.382
- 5. Still more rousing, finally, was the effect of the science of Ch.383
- 6. Other anticipations of Darwin's doctrine in England and elsewhere Ch.384
- 7. "Contempt and abhorrence" had in fact at all times constituted Ch.385
- 8. Thus the idea of a specific creation of all forms of life by an Ch.386
- 1. A rationalistic treatment of human history had been explicit or Ch.387
- 2. In England the anti-revolution reaction was visible in this as Ch.388
- 3. All study of economics and of political history fostered such Ch.389
- 4. Two lines of scientific study, it would appear, must be thoroughly Ch.390
- 1. The philosophy of Kant, while giving the theological class a new Ch.391
- 2. In respect of his formal championship of Christianity Hegel's Ch.392
- 3. From the collisions of philosophic systems in Germany there Ch.393
- 4. Arnold Ruge (1802-1880), who was of the same philosophical school, Ch.394
- 5. On Feuerbach's Essence of Religion followed the resounding explosion Ch.395
- 6. In France the course of thought had been hardly less Ch.396
- 7. On retrospect, the whole official French philosophy of the period, Ch.397
- 8. The most energetic and characteristic philosophy produced in the new Ch.398
- 9. In Britain, where abstract philosophy after Berkeley had been mainly Ch.399
- 10. When English metaphysical philosophy revived with Sir William Ch.400
- 11. The effect of the ethical pressure of the deistic attack on Ch.401
- 12. A powerful and wholesome stimulus was given to English thought Ch.402
- 1598. Chapman spells the name Harriots. Ch.403
- 1587. Reprinted in 1592, 1604, and 1617. Ch.404
- 128. Cp. Bayle, art. Vorstius, Note N. By his theological opponents and Ch.405
- 1573. Ritter, Geschichte der deutschen Union, i, 19. Cp. Menzel, Ch.406
- 1646. (Gangræna, p. 151.) The Hanserd Knollys collection, above Ch.407
- 1614. Epist. Ded. Ch.408
- 1705. (Pref. to pt. i, ed. 1725.) Ch.409
- 1876. See citations in Land's note to his lecture in Spinoza: Four Ch.410
- 1663. From the withholding of court favour it proceeded to subsidies Ch.411
- 169. Most of the Guardian papers cited are by Berkeley. They are Ch.412
- 1903. pp. 36-37. Ch.413
- 1750. Forbes in his youth had been famed as one of the hardest drinkers Ch.414
- Introduction to the History of the Jews; a Vindication of Biblical Ch.415
- 1764. It was no fewer than four times ordered to be destroyed in the Ch.416
- 19. Jahrhunderts, 2te Aufl. 1848, i, 218-20. Ch.417
- 1768. Tn the latter entry, Yvon is described as "poursuivi comme Ch.418
- 193. Mrs. Dunlop, the friend of Burns, recommending its perusal to Ch.419
- 1841. Many of the utterances here set forth are irreconcilable with Ch.420
- 282. The Concordat was bitterly resented by the freethinkers in the Ch.421
- 1686. Other German and French periodicals soon followed that of Ch.422
- 24. "Before Thomasius," writes Bielfeld, "an old woman could not have Ch.423
- 1785. The Letters purport to be written by one of the Moroccan embassy Ch.424
- 1684. After a youth of poverty and struggle he settled at Copenhagen in Ch.425
- 139. Cp. Rambaud, Hist. de Russie, 2e édit. pp. 249, 259, Ch.426
- 32. Ripley, who was one of the American transcendentalist group and Ch.427