A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson

1718, as professor of metaphysics, and attained the chair of eloquence in 1720. Made Baron by King Frederick V of Denmark at his accession in 1747. D. 1754. [1508] Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum novam telluris theoriam ac historiam quintæ monarchiæ ... exhibens, etc. Dr. Gosse, in art. Holberg, Encyc. Brit., makes the mistake of calling the book a poem. It is in Latin prose, with verse passages. [1509] It was published thrice in Danish, ten times in German, thrice in Swedish, thrice in Dutch, thrice in English, twice in French, twice in Russian, and once in Hungarian. [1510] Cap. vi, De religione gentis Potuanæ. [1511] Cp. pp. 75-78, ed. 1754. [1512] Cap. vi, p. 69; cp. cap. viii, De Academia, p. 101. [1513] Id. p. 77. [1514] He had visited England in his youth. [1515] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 322. On p. 159 a somewhat contrary statement is made, which obscures the facts. Cp. Schlosser, iv, 13, as to Christian's martinet methods. [1516] Geijer, i, 324. [1517] Id. p. 343; Otté, p. 292. [1518] Geijer, i, 342. Cp. Ranke, Hist. of the Popes, Eng. tr. ed. 1908, ii, 399; iii, 345-46. [1519] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 88-89, and refs. [1520] Cp. Ranke, as cited, ii, 407. [1521] Work cited, pp. 288-89. This writer gives the only intelligible account of the private execution of Christina's secretary, Monaldeschi, by her orders. Monaldeschi had either passed over to other hands some of her letters to him, or kept them so carelessly as to let them be stolen. Id. p. 11. For her cruel act she shows no trace of religious or any other remorse. She was, in fact, a neurotic egoist. Cp. Ranke, ii, 394, 405. [1522] Bouillier, Hist. de la philos. cartés., i, 449-50. [1523] Geijer, i, 342. [1524] See his treatise, Of the Nature and Qualification of Religion in Reference to Civil Society, Eng. tr. by Crull, 1698. [1525] Heaven and Hell, 1758, §§ 353, 354, 464. [1526] Translated as The Divine Providence. [1527] §§ 235-264. [1528] Work cited, § 241. [1529] De cultu et amore Dei, 1745. tr. as The Worship and Love of God, ed. 1885, p. 18. [1530] "When he was contradicted he kept silence." Documents concerning Swedenborg, ed. by Dr. Tafel, 1875-1877, ii, 564. [1531] Cp. Swedenborg's letter to Beyer, in Documents, as cited, ii, 279. [1532] For many years he seldom went to church, being unable to listen peacefully to the trinitarian doctrine he heard there. Documents, as cited, ii, 560. [1533] W. White, Swedenborg: his Life and Writings, ed. 1867, i, 188. [1534] Schweitzer, Geschichte der skandinavischen Literatur, ii, 175, 225; C.-F. Allen, Histoire de Danemark, Fr. tr. ii, 1900-1901; R. N. Bain, Gustavus Vasa and his Contemporaries, 1894, i, 226. [1535] Correspondance de Grimm, ed. 1829-1831, vii, 229. [1536] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 206. [1537] Writing to his mother on his first visit to Paris, he takes her, ostensibly as a libre esprit, into his confidence, disparaging Marmontel and Grimm as vain. Joseph II in turn pronounced Gustavus "a conceited fop, an impudent braggart" (Bain, as cited, i, 266). Both monarchs set up an impression of want of balance, and the mother of Gustavus, who forced him to break with her, does the same. [1538] Bain, as cited, i, 224-31. [1539] Id. ii, 208-12. [1540] Id. i, 267-68. [1541] Cp. Bain, ii, 272, 287, 293-96. [1542] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 335. [1543] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 322. Cp. pp. 161-63. Schlosser, iv, 15. [1544] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 190; Otté, p. 322; C.-F. Allen, as cited, ii, 194-201; Schlosser, iv, 319 sq. [1545] Cp. Mary Wollstonecraft's Letters from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, 1796, Let. xviii. One of the grounds on which the queen was charged with unchastity was, that she had established a hospital for foundlings. [1546] Trans. from the German, 1774; 2nd ed. 1825. See it also in the work, Converts from Infidelity, by Andrew Crichton; vols. vi and vii of Constable's Miscellany, 1827. This singular compilation includes lives of Boyle, Bunyan, Haller, and others, who were never "infidels." [1547] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 190-91. [1548] Work cited, Letter vii. [1549] Id. Letter viii, near end. [1550] Crichton-Wheaton, ii, 324. [1551] He claimed that the remarks penned by him in an anti-atheistic work, challenging its argument, represented not unbelief but the demand for a better proof, which he undertook to produce. See Krasinski, Sketch of the Religious History of the Slavonic Nations, 1851, pp. 224-25. It is remarkable that the Pope, Innocent XI, bitterly censured the execution. [1552] Fletcher, History of Poland, 1831, p. 141. [1553] Fletcher, pp. 145-46. [1554] Hardwick, Church History: Middle Age, 1853, pp. 386-87. [1555] L. Sichler, Hist. de la litt. Russe, 1887, pp. 88-89,