A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson

army. Id. p. 281. [1204] See Jules Barni's Napoléon Ier. ed. 1870, p. 83, as to the amazing Catechism imposed by Napoleon on France in 1811. For the history of its preparation and imposition see De Labone, Paris sous Napoléon: La Religion, 1907, p. 100 sq. [1205] As to the Napoleonic censorship of literature, cp. Madame de Staël, Considérations sur la révolution française, ptie. iv, ch. 16; Dix Années d'Exil, préf.; Welschinger, La Censure sous le premier Empire, 1882. [1206] Las Cases, Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, 19 août, 1816. [1207] Mignet, Hist. de la révolution française, 4e édit. ii, 340. [1208] Cp. Pusey, Histor. Enquiry into the Probable Causes of the Rationalist Character ... of the Theology of Germany, 1828, p. 79. [1209] Bishop Hurst, History of Rationalism, ed. 1867, p. 56. [1210] Id. pp. 57-58 (last ed. pp. 74-76), citing Tholuck, Deutsche Universitäten, i, 145-48, and Dowding, Life of Calixtus, pp. 132-33. [1211] Pusey, p. 113. [1212] Hurst, p. 59. [1213] Cp. Buckle, 1-vol. ed. pp. 303-309. "The result of the Thirty Years' War was indifference, not only to the Confession, but to religion in general. Ever since that period, secular interests decidedly occupy the foreground" (Kahnis, Internal History of German Protestantism, Eng. tr. 1856, p. 21). [1214] Quoted by Bishop Hurst, ed. cited, p. 60 (78). [1215] Preservatio wider die Pest der heutigen Atheisten. [1216] Dated from Rome; but this was a mystification. [1217] Kahnis, p. 125; La Croze, Entretiens, 1711, p. 401. [1218] Even Knutzen seems to have been influenced by Spinoza. Pünjer, Hist. of the Christ. Philos. of Religion, Eng. tr. i, 437. Pünjer, however, seems to have exaggerated the connection. [1219] Cp. Lange, Gesch. des Materialismus, 3te Aufl. i, 318 (Eng. tr. ii, 35). [1220] Epistolæ ad Spinozam et Responsiones, in Gfrörer, liii. [1221] Colerus, Vie de Spinoza, in Gfrörer's ed. of the Opera, 1830, pp. lv, lvi. [1222] Pünjer, as cited, i, 434-30: Lange, last cit. Lange notes that Genthe's Compendium de impostura religionum, which has been erroneously assigned to the sixteenth century, must belong to the period of Kortholt's work. [1223] Pünjer, p. 439; Lange, last cit.; Tholuck, Kirch. Leben, 2 Abth. pp. 57-58. [1224] It was nominally issued at Amsterdam, really at Berlin. [1225] This writer gives (p. 12) a notable list of the forms of atheism: Atheismus directus, indirectus, formalis, virtualis, theoreticus, practicus, inchoatus, consummatus, subtilis, crassus, privativus, negativus, and so on, ad lib. [1226] Cp. Buckle and his Critics, pp. 171-72; Pünjer, i, 515. [1227] Letter cited by Dr. Latta. Leibniz, 1898, p. 2, note. [1228] Philos. Schriften, ed. Gerhardt, i, 26; Martineau, Study of Spinoza, p. 77. [1229] Letter to Thomas, December 23, 1670. [1230] Quoted by Tholuck, as last cited, p. 61. Spener took the same tone. [1231] Philos. Schriften, ed. Gerhardt, i, 34; ii, 563; Latta, p. 24; Martineau, p. 75. Cp. Refutation of Spinoza by Leibnitz, ed. by Foucher de Careil. Eng. tr. 1855. [1232] His notable surmise as to gradation of species (see Latta, pp. 38-39) was taken up among the French materialists, but did not then modify current science. [1233] The only lengthy treatise published by him in his lifetime. [1234] M. A. Jacques, intr. to OEuvres de Leibniz, 1846, i, 54-57. [1235] Cp. Tholuck, Das kirchliche Leben, as cited, 2 Abth. pp. 52-55. Kahnis, coinciding with Erdmann, pronounces that, although Leibnitz "acknowledges the God of the Christian faith, yet his system assigned to Him a very uncertain position only" (Int. Hist. of Ger. Protestantism, p. 26). [1236] Cp. Pünjer, i, 509, as to his attitude on ritual. [1237] Latta, as cited, p. 16; Vie de Leibnitz, par De Jaucourt, in ed. 1747 of the Essais de Théodicée, i, 235-39. [1238] As to his virtual deism see Pünjer, i, 513-15. But he proposed to send Christian missionaries to the heathen. Tholuck, as last cited, p. 55. [1239] Lettres entre Leibnitz et Clarke. [1240] Discours de la conformité de la foi avec la raison, §§ 68-70; Essais sur la bonté de Dieu, etc., §§ 50, 61, 164, 180, 292-93. [1241] The Nouveaux Essais sur l'Entendement humain, refuting Locke, appeared posthumously in 1765. Locke had treated his theistic critic with contempt. (Latta, p. 13.) [1242] Amand Saintes, Hist. crit. du Rationalisme en Allemagne, 1841, ch. vi; Heinrich Schmid, Die Geschichte des Pietismus, 1863, ch. ii. [1243] Saintes, p. 51; cp. Pusey, p. 105, as to "the want of resistance from the school of Pietists to the subsequent invasion of unbelief." [1244] Hagenbach, German Rationalism, Eng. tr. 1865, p. 9. [1245] Id. p. 39; Pusey, Histor. Enquiry into the Causes of German Rationalism, 1828, pp. 88, 97; Tholuck, Abriss einer Geschichte des Umwälzung ... seit 1750 auf dem Gebiete der Theologie in Deutschland, in Vermischte Schriften, 1839, ii, 5. [1246] Pusey, pp. 86, 87, 98. [1247] Cp. Pusey, pp. 37-38, 45, 48, 49, 53-54, 79, 101-109; Saintes, pp. 28, 79-80; Hagenbach, pp. 41, 72, 105. [1248] Pusey, p. 110. Cp. Saintes, ch. vi. [1249] Das kirchliche Leben, as cited, 2 Abth. p. 58. [1250] Id. pp. 56-57. [1251] Vol. i, p. 6. [1252] H. Luden, Christian Thomasius nach seinen Schicksalen und Schriften dargestellt, 1805, p. 7. [1253] Cp. Schmid, Geschichte des Pietismus, pp. 486-88. [1254] Pufendorf's bulky treatise De Jure Naturæ et Gentium was published at Lund, where he was professor, in 1672. The shorter De Officio hominis et civis (also Lund, 1673) is a condensation and partly a vindication of the other, and this it was that convinced Thomasius. As to Pufendorf's part in the transition from theological to rational moral philosophy, see Hallam, Lit. of Europe, iv, 171-78. He is fairly to be bracketed with Cumberland; but Hallam hardly recognizes that it was the challenge of Hobbes that forced the change. [1255] Freimüthige, lustige und ernsthafte, jedoch vernunft- und gesetzmässige Gedanken, oder Monatgespräche über allerhand, vornehmlich über neue Bücher. There had been an earlier Acta Eruditorum, in Latin, published at Leipzig, and a French Ephemerides savantes, Hamburg,