A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2 by J. M. Robertson
3. German "rationalism," proceeding from English deism, moving
towards naturalist as against supernaturalist conceptions,
dissolving the notion of the miraculous in both Old and New
Testament history, analysing the literary structure of the sacred
books, and all along affecting studious thought in other countries.
Chapters
- Chapter 1 Ch.1
- 1. Influence of Montaigne and Charron. Gui Patin. Naudé. La Ch.2
- 4. Vogue of freethinking. Malherbe. Joan Fontanier. Théophile Ch.3
- 15. Developments in France. The polemic of Abbadie. Persecution Ch.4
- 16. St. Evremond. Regnard. La Bruyère. Spread of Ch.5
- 1. Boulainvilliers. Strifes in the Church. Fénelon and Ramsay. Ch.6
- 11. Progress of tolerance. Marie Huber. Resistance of bigotry. Ch.7
- 13. New politics. The less famous freethinkers: Burigny; Ch.8
- 14. N.-A. Boulanger. Dumarsais. Prémontval. Solidity of much Ch.9
- 18. Freethought in the Académie. Beginnings in classical Ch.10
- 22. Study of Nature. Fontenelle. Lenglet du Fresnoy. De Ch.11
- 27. The conventional myth and the facts. Necker. Abbé Grégoire. Ch.12
- 28. Religious and political forces of revolt. The polemic Ch.13
- 30. The polemic of Mallet du Pan. Saner views of Barante. Ch.14
- 33. Napoleon 292 Ch.15
- 1. Moral Decline under Lutheranism. Freethought before the Ch.16
- 12. English and French influences. The scientific movement. Ch.17
- 14. Mauvillon. Nicolai. Riem. Schade. Basedow. Eberhard. Ch.18
- 18. Vogue of deism. Wieland. Cases of Isenbiehl and Steinbuhler. Ch.19
- 22. Influence of Kant. The sequel. Hamann. Chr. A. Crusius. Ch.20
- 25. Austria. Jahn. Joseph II. Beethoven 351 Ch.21
- 1. Course of the Reformation. Subsequent wars. Ch.22
- 5. Upper-class indifference. Gustavus III. Kjellgren and Ch.23
- 6. Revival of thought in Denmark. Struensee. Mary Ch.24
- 2. Russia. Nikon. Peter the Great. Kantemir. Catherine 363 Ch.25
- 3. Subsequent scientific thought. General revival of Ch.26
- 4. Beccaria. Algarotti. Filangieri. Galiani. Genovesi. Ch.27
- 9. Portugal. Pombal 377 Ch.28
- 6. Palmer. Houston. Deism and Unitarianism 385 Ch.29
- 3. Pietist persecution. Richard Carlile. John Clarke. Ch.30
- 7. Charles Bradlaugh and Secularism. Imprisonment of Ch.31
- 8. New literary developments. Lecky. Conway. Winwood Ch.32
- 9. Freethought in France. Social schemes. Fourier. Ch.33
- 10. Bigotry in Spain. Popular freethought in Catholic Ch.34
- 11. Fluctuations in Germany. Persistence of religious Ch.35
- 15. Clerical rationalism in Protestant countries. Ch.36
- 17. The United States. Ingersoll. Lincoln. Stephen Ch.37
- 1. Rationalism in Germany. The Schleiermacher reaction: Ch.38
- 7. Strauss's second Life of Jesus. His politics. His Ch.39
- 8. Fluctuating progress of criticism. Important issues Ch.40
- 10. Falling-off in German candidates for the ministry as in Ch.41
- 11. Attack and defence in England. The Tractarian reaction. Ch.42
- 12. New Testament criticism in France. Renan and Havet 439 Ch.43
- 3. Béranger. De Musset. Victor Hugo. Leconte de Lisle. The Ch.44
- 4. Poetry in England. Shelley. Coleridge. The romantic Ch.45
- 7. Orthodoxy and conformity. Bain's view of Carlyle, Ch.46
- 8. The literary influence. Ruskin. Arnold. Intellectual Ch.47
- 9. English fiction from Miss Edgeworth to the present Ch.48
- 15. The Scandinavian States 457 Ch.49
- 1. Progress in cosmology. Laplace and modern astronomy. Ch.50
- 8. Triumph of evolutionism. Spencer. Clifford. Huxley 466 Ch.51
- 1. Eighteenth-century sociology. Salverte. Charles Ch.52
- 2. Progress in England. Orthodoxy of Hallam. Carlyle. Ch.53
- 4. Mythology and anthropology. Tylor. Spencer. Avebury. Ch.54
- 9. Philosophy in Britain. Bentham. James Mill. Grote. Ch.55
- 12. J. S. Mill 489 Ch.56
- CHAPTER XIII Ch.57
- 1638. Kepler's indecisive Mysterium Cosmographicum appeared only in Ch.58
- 1. The Latin letter of Gaspar Schopp (Scioppius), dated February Ch.59
- 2. There are preserved two extracts from Roman news-letters Ch.60
- 3. There has been found, by a Catholic investigator, a double entry Ch.61
- episode is well vouched; and the argument from the silence of Ch.62
- 1649. As M. Desdouits staked his case on the absence of allusion to Ch.63
- CHAPTER XIV Ch.64
- 1662. [376] Under the Commonwealth (1656) James Naylor, the Quaker, Ch.65
- 1683. Dr. Rust, Discourse on the Use of Reason in ... Religion, Ch.66
- 1685. Duke of Buckingham, A Short Discourse upon the Reasonableness Ch.67
- 1691. John Ray, Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Ch.68
- 1695. John Edwards, B.D., Some Thoughts concerning the Several Causes Ch.69
- 1696. Sir C. Wolseley, The Unreasonableness of Atheism Demonstrated. Ch.70
- 1696. Dr. Nichols' Conference with a Theist. Pt. I. (Answer to Ch.71
- 1696. J. Edwards, D.D., A Demonstration of the Evidence and Ch.72
- 1696. E. Pelling, Discourse ... on the Existence of God. (Pt. II in Ch.73
- 1697. Stephen Eye, A Discourse concerning Natural and Revealed Ch.74
- 1697. Bishop Gastrell, The Certainty and Necessity of Religion. Ch.75
- 1698. Dr. J. Harris, A Refutation of Atheistical Objections. (Boyle Ch.76
- 1698. Thos. Emes, The Atheist turned Deist, and the Deist turned Ch.77
- 1699. J. Bradley, An Impartial View of the Truth of Christianity. Ch.78
- 1700. Bishop Bradford, The Credibility of the Christian Revelation. Ch.79
- 1702. Dr. Stanhope, The Truth and Excellency of the Christian Ch.80
- 1705. Ed. Pelling, Discourse concerning the existence of God. Part Ch.81
- 1705. Dr. Samuel Clarke, A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes Ch.82
- 1706. Th. Wise, B.D., A Confutation of the Reason and Philosophy of Ch.83
- 1706. T. Oldfield, Mille Testes; against the Atheists, Deists, and Ch.84
- 1707. Dr. J. Hancock, Arguments to prove the Being of a God. (Boyle Ch.85
- CHAPTER XV Ch.86
- 1. We have seen France, in the first quarter of the seventeenth Ch.87
- 2. On the other hand, the resort on the part of the Catholics to a Ch.88
- 3. Between the negative development of the doctrine of Montaigne and Ch.89
- 4. The general tendency is revealed on the one hand by the series Ch.90
- 5. Equally freethinking was his brilliant predecessor and early Ch.91
- 6. Even in the apologetic reasoning of the greatest French prose Ch.92
- 7. A similar fatality attended the labours of the learned Huet, Bishop Ch.93
- 8. Meanwhile the philosophy of Descartes, if less strictly propitious Ch.94
- 9. Yet another philosophic figure of the reign of Louis XIV, the Jesuit Ch.95
- 10. Yet another new departure was made in the France of Louis XIV Ch.96
- 11. Such an evolution could not occur in France without affecting the Ch.97
- 12. As Meyer was one of the most intimate friends of Spinoza, being Ch.98
- 13. The appearance in 1678 of a Dutch treatise "against all sorts of Ch.99
- 14. No greater service was rendered in that age to the spread of Ch.100
- 15. Meantime, Spinoza had reinforced the critical movement in France, Ch.101
- 16. Of the new Epicureans, the most famous in his day was Ch.102
- CHAPTER XVI Ch.103
- 405. It is noteworthy that a volume of controversial sermons Ch.104
- 1752. The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken. Four vols. Ch.105
- 1765. W. Dudgeon, Philosophical Works (reprints of those of 1732, Ch.106
- 1772. E. Evanson, The Doctrines of a Trinity and the Ch.107
- 1773. ---- Three Discourses (1. Upon the Man after God's own Ch.108
- 1781. W. Nicholson, The Doubts of the Infidels. (Rep. by R. Ch.109
- 1782. W. Turner, Answer to Dr. Priestley's Letters to a Ch.110
- 1785. Dr. G. Hoggart Toulmin, The Antiquity and Duration of the Ch.111
- 1792. E. Evanson, The Dissonance of the Four Evangelists. Ch.112
- 1795. Dr. J. A. O'Keefe, On the Progress of the Human Ch.113
- 1797. John C. Davies, The Scripturian's Creed. Prosecuted and Ch.114
- 1797. The latter writer states (2nd ed. p. 126) that "infidelity is Ch.115
- CHAPTER XVII Ch.116
- 1. The fruits of the intellectual movement of the seventeenth Ch.117
- 2. At the same time the continuous output of apologetics testified Ch.118
- 3. There was thus no adaptation on the side of the Church to the forces Ch.119
- 4. As the new intellectual movement began to find expression, then, it Ch.120
- 5. A continuous development may be traced throughout the Ch.121
- 6. One of the most comprehensive freethinking works of the century, the Ch.122
- 7. Apart from this direct influence, too, others of the cloth bore Ch.123
- 8. With the ground prepared as we have seen, freethought was bound Ch.124
- 9. It is thus a complete mistake on the part of Buckle to affirm Ch.125
- 10. The rest of Voltaire's long life was a sleepless and dexterous Ch.126
- 11. It is difficult to realize how far the mere demand for Ch.127
- 12. A new era of propaganda and struggle had visibly begun. In Ch.128
- 1700. Lettre d'Hypocrate à Damagète, attributed to the Comte de Ch.129
- 1700. [Claude Gilbert.] Histoire de Calejava, ou de l'isle des hommes Ch.130
- 1704. [Gueudeville.] Dialogues de M. le Baron de la Houtan et d'un Ch.131
- 1709. Lettre sur l'enthousiasme (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by Samson). Ch.132
- 1710. [Tyssot de Patot, Symon.] Voyages et Avantures de Jaques Massé. Ch.133
- 1710. Essai sur l'usage de la raillerie (Fr. tr. of Shaftesbury, by Ch.134
- 1712. [Deslandes, A. F. B.] Reflexions sur les grands hommes qui sont Ch.135
- 1714. Discours sur la liberté de penser [French tr. of Collins's Ch.136
- 1720. Same work rep. under the double title: De tribus impostoribus: Ch.137
- 1724. [Lévesque de Burigny.] Histoire de la philosophie payenne. La Ch.138
- 1730. [Bernard, J.-F.] Dialogues critiques et philosophiques. "Par Ch.139
- 1731. Réfutation des erreurs de Benoît de Spinoza, par Fénelon, le P. Ch.140
- 1734. [Voltaire.] Lettres philosophiques. 4 edd. within the year. Ch.141
- 1734. [Longue, Louis-Pierre de.] Les Princesses Malabares, ou le Ch.142
- 1737. Marquis D'Argens. La Philosophie du Bon Sens. (Berlin: 8th Ch.143
- 1738. [Marie Huber.] Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme, Ch.144
- 1739. ----, Suite to the foregoing, "servant de réponse aux Ch.145
- 1741. [Deslandes.] Pigmalion, ou la Statue animée. [Condemned to be Ch.146
- 1741. ----, De la Certitude des connaissances humaines ... traduit de Ch.147
- 1743. Nouvelles libertés de penser. Amsterdam. [Edited by Dumarsais. Ch.148
- 1745. [Lieut. De la Serre.] La vraie religion traduite de l'Ecriture Ch.149
- 1745. [La Mettrie.] Histoire naturelle de l'âme. [Condemned to be Ch.150
- 1748. [P. Estève.] L'Origine de l'Univers expliquée par un principe Ch.151
- 1748. [Benoît de Maillet.] Telliamed, ou Entretiens d'un philosophe Ch.152
- 1751. [Mirabaud, J. B. de.] Le Monde, son origine et son antiquité. Ch.153
- 1752. [Gouvest, J. H. Maubert de.] Lettres Iroquoises. "Irocopolis, Ch.154
- 1752. [Génard, F.] L'École de l'homme, ou Parallèle des Portraits du Ch.155
- 1753. [Baume-Desdossat, Canon of Avignon.] La Christiade. [Book Ch.156
- 1753. Astruc, Jean. Conjectures sur les mémoires originaux dont il Ch.157
- 1754. Prémontval, A. I. le Guay de. Le Diogène de d'Alembert, ou Ch.158
- 1754. Burigny, J. L. Théologie payenne. 2 tom. (New ed. of his Ch.159
- 1754. Beausobre, L. de (the younger). Pyrrhonisme du Sage. Berlin. Ch.160
- 1755. Recherches philosophiques sur la liberté de l'homme. Trans. of Ch.161
- 1755. Analyse raisonnée de Bayle. 4 tom. [By the Abbé de Marsy. Ch.162
- 1755. [Deleyre.] Analyse de la philosophie de Bacon. (Largely an Ch.163
- 1757. Prémontval. Vues Philosophiques. (Amsterdam.) Ch.164
- 1759. Translation of Hume's Natural History of Religion and Ch.165
- 1761. [N.-A. Boulanger. [1020]] Recherches sur l'origine du Ch.166
- 1761. Rep. of De la Serre's La vraie religion as Examen de la Ch.167
- 1761. [D'Holbach.] Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Imprint: "Londres, Ch.168
- 1762. Rousseau. Émile. [Publicly burned at Paris and at Geneva. Ch.169
- 1762. Robinet, J. B. De la nature. Vol. i. (Vol. ii in 1764; iii and Ch.170
- 1764. [Voltaire.] Dictionnaire philosophique portatif. [1021] [First Ch.171
- 1764. Lettres secrètes de M. de Voltaire. [Holland. Collection of Ch.172
- 1764. L'Évangile de la Raison. Ouvrage posthume de M. D. M----y. [Ed. Ch.173
- 1765. Recueil Nécessaire, avec L'Évangile de la Raison, 2 tom. Ch.174
- 1766. Boulanger, N. A. L'Antiquité dévoilée. [1023] 3 tom. [Recast by Ch.175
- 1766. Voyage de Robertson aux terres australes. Traduit sur le Ch.176
- 1766. De Prades. Abrégé de l'histoire ecclésiastique de Fleury. Ch.177
- 1766. [Burigny.] Examen critique des Apologistes de la religion Ch.178
- 1766. [Abbé Millot.] Histoire philosophique de l'homme. [Naturalistic Ch.179
- 1767. Doutes sur la religion (attributed to Gueroult de Pival), suivi Ch.180
- 1767. Lettre de Thrasybule à Leucippe. [Published under the name of Ch.181
- 1767. [D'Holbach.] L'Imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de pièces sur Ch.182
- 1767. Reprint of Le Christianisme dévoilé. [Condemned to be burnt, Ch.183
- 1768. Meister, J. H. De l'origine des principes religieux. Ch.184
- 1768. Catalogue raisonné des esprits forts, depuis le curé Ch.185
- 1768. [D'Holbach.] La Contagion sacrée, ou histoire naturelle de Ch.186
- 1768. ---- Lettres philosophiques sur l'origine des préjugés, Ch.187
- 1768. ---- Lettres à Eugénie, ou preservatif contre les Ch.188
- 1768. ---- Théologie Portative. "Par l'abbé Bernier." [Also Ch.189
- 1768. Traité des trois Imposteurs. (See 1719 and 1720.) Rep. Ch.190
- 1768. Naigeon, J. A. Le militaire philosophe. [Adaptation of a Ch.191
- 1768. Examen des prophéties qui servent de fondement à la Ch.192
- 1768. Robinet. Considérations philosophiques. Ch.193
- 1769. [Diderot. Also ascribed to Castillon.] Histoire générale Ch.194
- 1769. [Mirabaud.] Opinions des anciens sur les juifs, and Ch.195
- 1769. [Isoard-Delisle, otherwise Delisle de Sales.] De la Ch.196
- 1769. [Seguier de Saint-Brisson.] Traité des Droits de Génie, Ch.197
- 1770. ---- Examen critique de la vie et des ouvrages de Saint Ch.198
- 1770. ---- Essai sur les Préjugés. (Not by Dumarsais, whose name Ch.199
- 1770. Recueil Philosophique. 2 tom. [Edited by Naigeon. Contains Ch.200
- 1770. Analyse de Bayle. Rep. of the four vols. of De Marsy, with Ch.201
- 1770. Raynal (with Diderot and others). Histoire philosophique Ch.202
- 1772. Le Bon Sens. [Adaptation from Meslier by Diderot and Ch.203
- 1773. Helvétius. De l'Homme. Ouvrage posthume. 2 tom. [Condemned to Ch.204
- 1774. Abauzit, F. Réflexions impartiales sur les Évangiles, suivies Ch.205
- 1774. New edition of Theologie Portative. 2 tom. [Condemned to be Ch.206
- 1775. [Voltaire.] Histoire de Jenni, ou Le Sage et l'Athée. [Attack Ch.207
- 1777. Examen critique du Nouveau Testament, "par M. Fréret." [Not Ch.208
- 1779. Vie d'Apollonius de Tyane par Philostrate, avec les Ch.209
- 1780. Clootz, Anacharsis. La Certitude des preuves du Mahométisme. Ch.210
- 1780. Second ed. of Raynal's Histoire philosophique, with Ch.211
- 1784. Pougens, M. C. J. de. Récréations de philosophie et de Ch.212
- 1788. Pastoret. Moïse considéré comme legislateur et comme Ch.213
- 1788. Maréchal. Almanach des honnêtes gens. [Author imprisoned; Ch.214
- 1789. Cerutti (Jesuit Father). Bréviaire Philosophique, ou Histoire Ch.215
- 1795. La Fable de Christ dévoilée; ou Lettre du muphti de Ch.216
- 1798. Maréchal. Pensées libres sur les prêtres. A Rome, et se Ch.217
- 13. It will be noted that after 1770--coincidently, indeed, with a Ch.218
- 14. One of the most remarkable of the company in some respects is Ch.219
- 15. Though the bibliographers claim to have traced the authorship in Ch.220
- 16. Above the scattered band of minor combatants rises a group of Ch.221
- 17. An interlude in the critical campaign, little noticed at the time, Ch.222
- 18. In the select Parisian arena of the Académie, the intellectual Ch.223
- 19. In 1759 there came a check. The Encyclopédie, which had been Ch.224
- 20. Voltaire could not compass, as he for a time schemed, the election Ch.225
- 21. Alongside of the more strictly literary or humanist movement, Ch.226
- 22. A more general influence, naturally, attached to the Ch.227
- 23. But science, like theology, had its schisms, and the rationalizing Ch.228
- 24. Over all of these men, and even in some measure over Voltaire, Ch.229
- 25. With Diderot were specially associated, in different ways, Ch.230
- 26. The death of d'Holbach (1789) brings us to the French Ch.231
- 27. No part of the history of freethought has been more distorted Ch.232
- 28. The anti-atheistic and anti-philosophic legend was born of the Ch.233
- 29. If any careful attempt be made to analyse the situation, the Ch.234
- 30. A survey of the work and attitude of the leading French Ch.235
- 31. While the true causation of the Revolution is thus kept clear, Ch.236
- 32. Among many other illustrations of the passion for persecution in Ch.237
- 33. This section would not be complete even in outline without some Ch.238
- CHAPTER XVIII Ch.239
- 1. When two generations of Protestant strife had turned to naught the Ch.240
- 2. While, however, clerical action could drive such a movement under Ch.241
- 1662. Th. Gegenbauer. Preservatio wider die Pest der heutigen Ch.242
- 1668. J. Musæus. Examen Cherburianismi. Contra E. Herbertum de Ch.243
- 1668. Anton Reiser. De origine, progressu, et incremento Antitheismi Ch.244
- 1677. Val. Greissing. Corona Transylvani; Exerc. 2, de Atheismo, Ch.245
- 1689. Th. Undereyck. Der Närrische Atheist in seiner Thorheit Ch.246
- 1697. A. H. Grosse. An Atheismus necessario ducat ad corruptionem Ch.247
- 1708. Loescher. Prænotiones Theologicæ contra Naturalistarum et Ch.248
- 1708. Rechenberg. Fundamenta veræ religionis Prudentum, adversus Ch.249
- 1710. J. C. Wolfius. Dissertatio de Atheismi falso suspectis. Ch.250
- 1713. Anon. Widerlegung der Atheisten, Deisten, und neuen Zweifeler. Ch.251
- 3. For a community in which the reading class was mainly clerical and Ch.252
- 4. Other culture-conditions concurred to set up a spirit of rationalism Ch.253
- 5. After the collapse of the popular movement of Matthias Knutzen, Ch.254
- 6. A personality of a very different kind emerges in the same period Ch.255
- 7. Among the pupils of Thomasius at Halle was Theodore Louis Lau, Ch.256
- 8. While Thomasius was still at work, a new force arose of a more Ch.257
- 9. Even before the generation of active pressure from English and Ch.258
- 10. To the same period belong the first activities of Johann Christian Ch.259
- 11. Even from decorous and official exponents of religion, however, Ch.260
- 12. Alongside of home-made heresy there had come into play a new Ch.261
- 13. Frederick, though reputed a Voltairean freethinker par excellence, Ch.262
- 14. The social vogue of deistic thought could now be traced in much of Ch.263
- 15. If it be true that even the rationalizing defenders of Christianity Ch.264
- 16. Much more notorious than any other German deist of his time was Ch.265
- 17. Alongside of these propagators of popular rationalism stood Ch.266
- 18. Deism was now as prevalent in educated Germany as in France or Ch.267
- 19. Meanwhile, the drift of the age of Aufklärung was apparent in Ch.268
- 20. No less certain is the unbelief of Schiller (1759-1805), whom Ch.269
- 21. The critical philosophy of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) may be said Ch.270
- 22. The total performance of Kant thus left Germany with a powerful Ch.271
- 23. Some philosophic opposition there was to Kant, alike on Ch.272
- 24. It is true that the progressive work was not all done by the Ch.273
- 25. The emancipation, too, was limited in area in the German-speaking Ch.274
- CHAPTER XIX Ch.275
- 1. Traces of new rationalistic life are to be seen in the Scandinavian Ch.276
- 2. For long, the only personality making powerfully for culture was Ch.277
- 3. In Sweden, meantime, there had occurred some reflex of the Ch.278
- 4. That there was, however, in eighteenth-century Sweden a considerable Ch.279
- 5. According to one of Swedenborg's biographers, the worldliness of Ch.280
- 6. In Denmark, on the other hand, the stagnation of nearly a hundred Ch.281
- 1. In Poland, where, as we saw, Unitarian heresy had spread Ch.282
- 2. In Russia the possibilities of modern freethought emerge only in Ch.283
- 1. Returning to Italy, no longer the leader of European thought, but Ch.284
- 2. First came the great work of Vico, the Principles of a New Science Ch.285
- 3. It is noteworthy, indeed, that the "New Science," as Vico boasted, Ch.286
- 1763. Thenceforth for many years there raged, "under the eyes of Pope Ch.287
- 4. Between 1737 and 1798 may be counted twenty-eight Italian writers Ch.288
- 1. For the rest of Europe during the eighteenth century, we have Ch.289
- 2. Still all freethinking in Spain ran immense risks, even under Ch.290
- 3. Another grandee, Don Christophe Ximenez de Gongora, Duke of Ch.291
- 4. In another case, a freethinking priest skilfully anticipated Ch.292
- 5. Out of a long series of other men of letters persecuted by the Ch.293
- 6. Another savant of the same period, Don Joseph de Clavijo y Faxardo, Ch.294
- 7. Still in the same reign, the Jesuit Francisco de Ista, author of an Ch.295
- 8. It is plain that the combined power of the Church, the orders, Ch.296
- 9. Portugal in the same period, despite the anti-clerical policy Ch.297
- CHAPTER XX Ch.298
- 1. Perhaps the most signal of all the proofs of the change wrought Ch.299
- 2. The rise of rationalism in the colonies must be traced in the main Ch.300
- 3. Similarly prudent was Jefferson, who, like Franklin and Paine, Ch.301
- 4. Nothing in American culture-history more clearly proves the last Ch.302
- 5. Its immediate effect was much greater in Britain, where his Rights Ch.303
- 6. The habit of reticence or dissimulation among American public men Ch.304
- CHAPTER XXI Ch.305
- 1. In Great Britain and America, the new movements of popular Ch.306
- 2. In France and elsewhere, the reverberation of the attack Ch.307
- 3. German "rationalism," proceeding from English deism, moving Ch.308
- 4. The literary compromise of Lessing, claiming for all religions Ch.309
- 5. In England, the neo-Christianity of the school of Coleridge, Ch.310
- 6. The utilitarianism of the school of Bentham, carried into Ch.311
- 7. Comtism, making little direct impression on the "constructive" Ch.312
- 8. German philosophy, Kantian and post-Kantian, in particular Ch.313
- 9. German atheism and scientific "materialism"--represented Ch.314
- 10. Revived English deism, involving destructive criticism Ch.315
- 12. Colenso's preliminary attack on the narrative of the Ch.316
- 13. The later or scientific "higher criticism" of the Old Ch.317
- 14. New historical criticism of Christian origins, in particular Ch.318
- 15. Exhibition of rationalism within the churches, as in Germany, Ch.319
- 16. Association of rationalistic doctrine with the Socialist Ch.320
- 17. Communication of doubt and moral questioning through poetry and Ch.321
- 4. The comprehension of all science in the Evolution Theory, Ch.322
- 7. Sociology, as outlined by Comte, Buckle, Spencer, Winwood Reade, Ch.323
- 8. Comparative Hierology; the methodical application of principles Ch.324
- 9. Above all, the later development of Anthropology (in the wide Ch.325
- 1. Penal laws, still operative in Britain and Germany against Ch.326
- 2. Class interests, involving in the first half of the century Ch.327
- 3. Commercial pressure thus set up, and always involved in the Ch.328
- 4. In England, identification of orthodox Dissent with political Ch.329
- 5. Concessions by the clergy, especially in England and the United Ch.330
- 6. Above all, the production of new masses of popular ignorance Ch.331
- 7. On this basis, business-like and in large part secular-minded Ch.332
- 1. If any one circumstance more than another differentiates the life Ch.333
- 2. Meantime, new writers arose to carry into fuller detail the attacks Ch.334
- 3. As the years went on, the persecution in England grew still fiercer; Ch.335
- 4. In this evolution political activities played an important Ch.336
- 5. Holyoake had been a missionary and martyr in the movement Ch.337
- 6. This date broadly coincides with the maximum domination of Ch.338
- 7. In 1858 there was elected to the presidency of the London Secular Ch.339
- 8. The special energy of the English secularist movement in the ninth Ch.340
- 9. In the first half of the century popular forms of freethought Ch.341
- 10. In other Catholic countries the course of popular culture in Ch.342
- 11. In Germany, as we have seen, the relative selectness of culture, Ch.343
- 12. Under the widely-different political conditions in Russia and Ch.344
- 13. "Free-religious" societies, such as have been noted in Germany, Ch.345
- 14. Alongside of the lines of movement before sketched, there has Ch.346
- 15. A partly similar evolution has taken place among the Protestant Ch.347
- 16. The history of popular freethought in Sweden yields a good Ch.348
- 17. Only in the United States has the public lecture platform been Ch.349
- 1. At the beginning of the century, educated men in general Ch.350
- 2. Gradually that had developed a greater precision of method, Ch.351
- 3. No less remarkable was the check to the few attempts which had Ch.352
- 4. But as regards the gospel history in general, the first Leben Ch.353
- 5. For a time there was undoubtedly "reaction," engineered with the Ch.354
- 6. Another expert of Baur's school, Albrecht Schwegler, author of Ch.355
- 7. In 1864, after an abstention of twenty years from discussion of Ch.356
- 1870. In what is now recognized as the national manner, he wrote two Ch.357
- 8. And it was long before even Strauss's early method of scientific Ch.358
- 9. In New Testament criticism, though the strict critical method of Ch.359
- 10. The movement of Biblical and other criticism in Germany has had Ch.360
- 11. On a less extensive scale than in Germany, critical study of the Ch.361
- 12. In France systematic criticism of the sacred books recommenced Ch.362
- 1. The whole imaginative literature of Europe, in the generation Ch.363
- 2. The literary history of France since his death decides the question, Ch.364
- 3. In French poetry the case is hardly otherwise. Béranger, who Ch.365
- 4. In England it was due above all to Shelley that the very age of Ch.366
- 5. One of the best-beloved names in English literature, Charles Lamb, Ch.367
- 6. While a semi-Bohemian like Lamb could thus dare to challenge the Ch.368
- 7. This attitude of orthodoxy, threatening ostracism to any avowed Ch.369
- 8. Thus for a whole generation honest and narrow-minded believers were Ch.370
- 9. In English fiction, the beginning of the end of genuine faith Ch.371
- 10. Among the most artistically gifted of the English story-writers and Ch.372
- 11. Though Shelley was anathema to English Christians in his own Ch.373
- 12. Of the imaginative literature of the United States, as of that of Ch.374
- 13. Of the vast modern output of belles lettres in continental Europe, Ch.375
- 1850. "If I could only go out on crutches!" he exclaimed; adding: Ch.376
- 14. But perhaps the most considerable evidence, in belles lettres, Ch.377
- 15. In the Scandinavian States, again, there are hardly any Ch.378
- 1. The power of intellectual habit and tradition had preserved Ch.379
- 2. From France came likewise the impulse to a naturalistic handling Ch.380
- 3. In England the influence of the French stimulus in physiology Ch.381
- 4. A more general effect, however, was probably wrought by the science Ch.382
- 5. Still more rousing, finally, was the effect of the science of Ch.383
- 6. Other anticipations of Darwin's doctrine in England and elsewhere Ch.384
- 7. "Contempt and abhorrence" had in fact at all times constituted Ch.385
- 8. Thus the idea of a specific creation of all forms of life by an Ch.386
- 1. A rationalistic treatment of human history had been explicit or Ch.387
- 2. In England the anti-revolution reaction was visible in this as Ch.388
- 3. All study of economics and of political history fostered such Ch.389
- 4. Two lines of scientific study, it would appear, must be thoroughly Ch.390
- 1. The philosophy of Kant, while giving the theological class a new Ch.391
- 2. In respect of his formal championship of Christianity Hegel's Ch.392
- 3. From the collisions of philosophic systems in Germany there Ch.393
- 4. Arnold Ruge (1802-1880), who was of the same philosophical school, Ch.394
- 5. On Feuerbach's Essence of Religion followed the resounding explosion Ch.395
- 6. In France the course of thought had been hardly less Ch.396
- 7. On retrospect, the whole official French philosophy of the period, Ch.397
- 8. The most energetic and characteristic philosophy produced in the new Ch.398
- 9. In Britain, where abstract philosophy after Berkeley had been mainly Ch.399
- 10. When English metaphysical philosophy revived with Sir William Ch.400
- 11. The effect of the ethical pressure of the deistic attack on Ch.401
- 12. A powerful and wholesome stimulus was given to English thought Ch.402
- 1598. Chapman spells the name Harriots. Ch.403
- 1587. Reprinted in 1592, 1604, and 1617. Ch.404
- 128. Cp. Bayle, art. Vorstius, Note N. By his theological opponents and Ch.405
- 1573. Ritter, Geschichte der deutschen Union, i, 19. Cp. Menzel, Ch.406
- 1646. (Gangræna, p. 151.) The Hanserd Knollys collection, above Ch.407
- 1614. Epist. Ded. Ch.408
- 1705. (Pref. to pt. i, ed. 1725.) Ch.409
- 1876. See citations in Land's note to his lecture in Spinoza: Four Ch.410
- 1663. From the withholding of court favour it proceeded to subsidies Ch.411
- 169. Most of the Guardian papers cited are by Berkeley. They are Ch.412
- 1903. pp. 36-37. Ch.413
- 1750. Forbes in his youth had been famed as one of the hardest drinkers Ch.414
- Introduction to the History of the Jews; a Vindication of Biblical Ch.415
- 1764. It was no fewer than four times ordered to be destroyed in the Ch.416
- 19. Jahrhunderts, 2te Aufl. 1848, i, 218-20. Ch.417
- 1768. Tn the latter entry, Yvon is described as "poursuivi comme Ch.418
- 193. Mrs. Dunlop, the friend of Burns, recommending its perusal to Ch.419
- 1841. Many of the utterances here set forth are irreconcilable with Ch.420
- 282. The Concordat was bitterly resented by the freethinkers in the Ch.421
- 1686. Other German and French periodicals soon followed that of Ch.422
- 24. "Before Thomasius," writes Bielfeld, "an old woman could not have Ch.423
- 1785. The Letters purport to be written by one of the Moroccan embassy Ch.424
- 1684. After a youth of poverty and struggle he settled at Copenhagen in Ch.425
- 139. Cp. Rambaud, Hist. de Russie, 2e édit. pp. 249, 259, Ch.426
- 32. Ripley, who was one of the American transcendentalist group and Ch.427