The Palace and Park by Phillips, Forbes, Latham, Owen, Scharf, and Shenton
88. CLAUDIUS. _Roman Emperor._
For life, see No. 38.
Chapters
- Chapter 1 Ch.1
- 5. POMPEIAN COURT; Ch.2
- PART I. Ch.3
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.4
- PART II. Ch.5
- INTRODUCTION TO THE FINE ARTS COURTS. Ch.6
- introduction of this faith was, unfortunately, accompanied with bitter Ch.7
- PART III. Ch.8
- 16. Labyrinthodon Pachygnathus.] Ch.9
- PART IV. Ch.10
- INTRODUCTION 54 Ch.11
- INTRODUCTION 80 Ch.12
- INTRODUCTION 134 Ch.13
- INTRODUCTION 168 Ch.14
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.15
- 2. ARCHILOCHUS. _Greek Poet._ Ch.16
- 3. ÆSOP. _Writer of Fables._ Ch.17
- 4. HOMER. _Great Epic Poet of Greece._ Ch.18
- 5. EPIMENIDIES. _Poet and Prophet of Crete._ Ch.19
- 6. ÆSCHYLUS. _Tragic Poet._ Ch.20
- 456. Aged 69.] Ch.21
- 7. SOPHOCLES. _Tragic Poet._ Ch.22
- 8. ÆSCHINES. _Greek Orator._ Ch.23
- 9. EURIPIDES. _Greek Poet._ Ch.24
- 10. ARATUS. _Astronomer._ Ch.25
- 11. BIAS. _Greek Philosopher._ Ch.26
- 12. THUCYDIDES. _Greek Historian._ Ch.27
- 13. SOCRATES. _Philosopher._ Ch.28
- 14. HIPPOCRATES. _Physician._ Ch.29
- 15. ISOCRATES. _Rhetorician._ Ch.30
- 16. PLATO. _Greek Philosopher._ Ch.31
- 17. ANTISTHENES. _Philosopher._ Ch.32
- 18. DIOGENES. _Philosopher._ Ch.33
- 19. DEMOSTHENES. _Greek Orator._ Ch.34
- 20. EPICURUS. _Philosopher._ Ch.35
- 270. Aged 72.] Ch.36
- 21. ZENO. _Founder of the Stoic Philosophy._ Ch.37
- 22. ALEXANDER THE THIRD, surnamed THE GREAT. _King of Macedonia_, B.C. Ch.38
- 23. PHOCION. _Athenian Statesman and General._ Ch.39
- 24. ALCIBIADES. _Athenian General._ Ch.40
- 25. MILTIADES. _Athenian General._ Ch.41
- 26. ASPASIA. Ch.42
- 27. PERICLES. _Athenian Statesman._ Ch.43
- 28. PISISTRATUS. _“Tyrant” of Athens._[30] Ch.44
- 29. PERIANDER. _“Tyrant” of Corinth._ Ch.45
- 30. LYCURGUS. _Lawgiver._ Ch.46
- 31. POSIDIPPUS. _Comic Poet._ Ch.47
- 32. MENANDER. _Comic Poet._ Ch.48
- 33. POSIDONIUS. _Greek Philosopher._ Ch.49
- 34. NUMA POMPILIUS. _Second King of Rome._ Ch.50
- 35. AUGUSTUS. _Roman Emperor_, B.C. 30-A.D. 14. Ch.51
- 36. NERO--CLAUDIUS CÆSAR DRUSUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 54-68. Ch.52
- 39. GALBA--SERVIUS SULPICIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 68-69. Ch.53
- 40. CALIGULA. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 37-41. Ch.54
- 41. VITELLIUS--AULUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 69. Ch.55
- 42. NERVA--MARCUS COCCEIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 96-98. Ch.56
- 43. TITUS--FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 79-81. Ch.57
- 44. DOMITIAN--TITUS FLAVIUS SABINUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 81-96. Ch.58
- 45. TRAJAN--M. ULPIUS TRAJANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 98-117. Ch.59
- 46. HADRIAN--PUBLIUS ÆLIUS HADRIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 117-138. Ch.60
- 47. ANTONINUS PIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 138-161. Ch.61
- 48. MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 161-180. Ch.62
- 49. PERTINAX--PUBLIUS HELVIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 193. Ch.63
- 50. VERUS---LUCIUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 161-169. Ch.64
- 51. ÆLIUS VERUS. _Adopted Emperor._ Ch.65
- 52. ANNIUS VERUS. _Roman Prince._ Ch.66
- 53. MARCUS GALERIUS ANTONINUS. _Roman Prince._ Ch.67
- 54. SEVERUS--LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 193-211. Ch.68
- 211. Aged 65.] Ch.69
- 55. GORDIANUS--MARCUS ANTONIUS, surnamed AFRICANUS. _Roman Emperor_, Ch.70
- 56. COMMODUS--LUCIUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 180-192. Ch.71
- 57. MACRINUS--MARCUS OPILIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 217-218. Ch.72
- 58. PUPIENUS--MARCUS CLAUDIUS PUPIENUS MAXIMUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. Ch.73
- 59. MAXIMINUS--CAIUS JULIUS VERUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 235-238. Ch.74
- 238. Aged 65.] Ch.75
- 60. CARACALLA. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 211-217. Ch.76
- 61. GETA--PUBLIUS SEPTIMIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 211-212. Ch.77
- 62. GORDIANUS II.--MARCUS ANTONIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 238. Ch.78
- 63. DECIUS--CAIUS MESSIUS QUINTUS TRAJANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. Ch.79
- 64. ALEXANDER SEVERUS--MARCUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 222-235. Ch.80
- 65. HELIOGABALUS or ELAGABALUS--VARIUS AVITUS BASSIANUS. _Roman Ch.81
- 66. GALLIENUS--PUBLIUS LICINIUS VALERIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. Ch.82
- 67. GORDIANUS III. or PIUS--MARCUS ANTONIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. Ch.83
- 68. CAIUS JULIUS VERUS MAXIMUS. _Roman Prince._ Ch.84
- 69. PHILIP THE YOUNGER.--MARCUS JULIUS PHILIPPUS II. _Roman Prince._ Ch.85
- 70. CARINUS--MARCUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 283-285. Ch.86
- 71. JULIAN THE APOSTATE--FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, Ch.87
- 72. DIOCLETIAN--CAIUS VALERIUS AURELIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 284-305. Ch.88
- 73. CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS--FLAVIUS VALERIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. Ch.89
- 74. HOSTILIANUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 251 or 252. Ch.90
- 75. VOLUSIANUS--CAIUS VIBIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 252-254. Ch.91
- 77. TRAJAN. _Roman Emperor._ Ch.92
- 79. ANTINOUS. _Bithynian youth._ Ch.93
- 85. ANTONINUS PIUS. _Roman Emperor._ Ch.94
- 86. AUGUSTUS. _Roman Emperor._ Ch.95
- 87. TIBERIUS. _Roman Emperor._ Ch.96
- 88. CLAUDIUS. _Roman Emperor._ Ch.97
- 89. HERENNIUS. _Roman Emperor_, A.D. 251. Ch.98
- 90. SCIPIO AFRICANUS. _Roman General._ Ch.99
- 91. JULIA MÆSA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.100
- 92. SABINA. Ch.101
- 93. LIVIA DRUSILLA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.102
- 96. AGRIPPINA--THE ELDER. Ch.103
- 97. AGRIPPINA THE YOUNGER. _Roman Empress._ Ch.104
- 98. VALERIA MESSALINA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.105
- 99. PLOTINA--POMPEIA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.106
- 100. MATIDIA. Ch.107
- 101. CRISPINA. Ch.108
- 102. MAMÆA--JULIA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.109
- 103. SALONINA--CORNELIA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.110
- 104. MARINIANA. Ch.111
- 105. FAUSTINA JUNIOR--ANNIA FAUSTINA. Ch.112
- 106. SABINA--POPPÆA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.113
- 107. LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. _Roman Consul._ Ch.114
- 108. MARCELLUS--M. CLAUDIUS. _Roman General._ Ch.115
- 109. SCIPIO--PUBLIUS CORNELIUS AFRICANUS MAJOR. _Roman General._ Ch.116
- 183. Aged 51.] Ch.117
- 110. CATO--MARCUS PORCIUS. _Roman Patriot and General._ Ch.118
- 111. JULIUS CÆSAR. _Roman Dictator._ Ch.119
- 112. MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS. _Roman General._ Ch.120
- 113. M. VIPSANIUS AGRIPPA. _Roman General._ Ch.121
- 114. NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSUS. _Roman General._ Ch.122
- 115. GERMANICUS CÆSAR. _Roman General._ Ch.123
- 116. CORBULO--CNEIUS DOMITIUS. _Roman General._ Ch.124
- 117. DECIMUS CLODIUS CEIONIUS SEPTIMIUS ALBINUS. _Roman General._ Ch.125
- 118. TERENCE--PUBLIUS TERENTIUS. _Latin Comic Poet._ Ch.126
- 119. QUINTUS HORTENSIUS. _Roman Orator._ Ch.127
- 120. CICERO--MARCUS TULLIUS. _Roman Orator._ Ch.128
- 121. VIRGIL--PUBLIUS VIRGILIUS MARO. _Latin Poet._ Ch.129
- 122. SENECA--LUCIUS ANNÆUS. _Philosopher._ Ch.130
- 68. Aged 66.] Ch.131
- 123. HADRIAN. _Roman Emperor._ Ch.132
- 124. LIVIA DRUSILLA. _Roman Empress._ Ch.133
- 125. JULIUS CÆSAR. _Roman Dictator._ Ch.134
- 126. SCIPIO AFRICANUS. _Roman General._ Ch.135
- 127. SCIPIO AFRICANUS. _Roman General._ Ch.136
- 128. DECIMUS CŒLIUS BALBINUS. _Roman Statesman and Emperor_, A.D. 238. Ch.137
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.138
- 129. NICCOLA PISANO. _Sculptor and Architect._ Ch.139
- 130. ANDREA DI CIONE, better known by his surname ORCAGNA or ORGAGNA. Ch.140
- 131. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI. _Sculptor and Architect._ Ch.141
- 132. LORENZO GHIBERTI, or LORENZO DI CIONE. _Sculptor._ Ch.142
- 133. DONATO DI NICCOLO DI BETTO BARDI; called by his contemporaries Ch.143
- 134. FRA ANGELICO DA FIESOLE; called also FRA GIOVANNI DA FIESOLE, and Ch.144
- 135. TOMMASO GUIDI, also called MASSACCIO. _Painter._ Ch.145
- 1443. Aged 41.] Ch.146
- 136. ANDREA MANTEGNA. _Painter and Engraver._ Ch.147
- 137. LUCA SIGNORELLI. _Painter._ Ch.148
- 138. FRANCESCO LAZZARI BRAMANTE. _Architect, Painter, Poet._ Ch.149
- 139. PIETRO PERUGINO, or PIETRO VANUCCI DELLA PIEVE. _Painter._ Ch.150
- 140. DOMENICO GHIRLANDAIO. _Painter._ Ch.151
- 141. LEONARDO DA VINCI. _Painter._ Ch.152
- 142. FRA BARTOLOMEO, or BACCIO DELLA PORTA. _Painter._ Ch.153
- 143. MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI. _Sculptor, Painter, Architect._ Ch.154
- 144. TITIAN, or, TIZIANO VECELLIO. _Painter._ Ch.155
- 145. BENVENUTO TISIO, commonly called GAROFALO. _Painter._ Ch.156
- 146. RAFFAELLE SANZIO, commonly called RAFFAELLE. _Painter._ Ch.157
- 147. MICHELE SANMICHELI. _Architect._ Ch.158
- 148. FRA SEBASTIANO DEL PIOMBO, sometimes called SEBASTIANO VENEZIANO. Ch.159
- 149. GIOVANNI DA UDINE, or GIOVANNI DI NANI. _Painter._ Ch.160
- 150. ANDREA DEL SARTO, or ANDREA VANNUCHI. _Painter._ Ch.161
- 151. MARCANTONIO RAIMONDI. _Engraver._ Ch.162
- 152. CORREGGIO, or ANTONIO ALLEGRI. _Painter._ Ch.163
- 153. POLIDORO CALDARE DA CARAVAGGIO. _Painter._ Ch.164
- 154. GIULIO ROMANO, or GIULIO PIPPI DE’ GIANNUZZI. _Architect and Ch.165
- 155. ANDREA PALLADIO. _Architect._ Ch.166
- 156. PAOLO CAGLIARI, called VERONESE. _Painter._ Ch.167
- 157. GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI, surnamed DI PALESTRINA. _Musical Composer._ Ch.168
- 158. ANNIBALE CARRACCI. _Painter._ Ch.169
- 159. DOMENICHINO, also called DOMENICO ZAMPIERI. _Painter._ Ch.170
- 160. PIETRO DI CORTONA, or PIETRO BERETTINI. _Painter._ Ch.171
- 161. ARCANGELO CORELLI. _Violinist and Composer._ Ch.172
- 162. LUDOVICO ANTONIO MURATORI. _Antiquary._ Ch.173
- 163. BENEDETTO MARCELLO. _Writer and Musician._ Ch.174
- 164. GIAMBATISTA PIRANESI. _Engraver._ Ch.175
- 165. GIOVANNI PAISIELLO. _Musical Composer._ Ch.176
- 166. NICCOLO ZINGARELLI. _Musician._ Ch.177
- 167. DOMENICO CIMAROSA. _Musical Composer._ Ch.178
- 168. ANTONIO CANOVA. _Sculptor._ Ch.179
- 169. GASPARO SPONTINI. _Musician._ Ch.180
- 170. NICCOLO PAGANINI. _Violinist._ Ch.181
- 171. MARIA FELICITAS MALIBRAN. _Actress._ Ch.182
- 172. GIULIA GRISI. _Italian Singer._ Ch.183
- 173. DANTE ALIGHIERI. _Poet._ Ch.184
- 174. FRANCESCO PETRARCA. _Poet._ Ch.185
- 175. GIACOMO SANAZZARO. _Poet._ Ch.186
- 176. LUIGI ARIOSTO. _Poet._ Ch.187
- 177. TORQUATO TASSO. _Poet._ Ch.188
- 178. PIETRO BONAVENTURA METASTASIO. _Poet._ Ch.189
- 179. CARLO GOLDONI. _Poet._ Ch.190
- 180. VITTORIO ALFIERI. _Poet._ Ch.191
- 181. ALESSANDRO GAVAZZI. _Monk and Orator._ Ch.192
- 182. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. _The Discoverer of the New World._ Ch.193
- 183. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI. _Political Writer and Historian._ Ch.194
- 184. ANNIBALE CARO. _Writer._ Ch.195
- 185. GALILEO GALILEI. _Philosopher._ Ch.196
- 187. COSMO DE’ MEDICI. _Merchant and Statesman._ Ch.197
- 188. BARTOLOMEO COLEONI. _Soldier of Fortune._ Ch.198
- 189. STEFANO GATTAMELATA. _Warrior._ Ch.199
- 190. GIOVANNI MEDICI, surnamed BANDINERI. _Italian Soldier._ Ch.200
- 191. FRANCESCO PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA. Ch.201
- 192. FRANÇOIS EUGÈNE OF SAVOY, called PRINCE EUGÈNE. _Military Ch.202
- 193. FRANCISCO XIMENEZ DE CISNEROS. _Cardinal and Regent of Spain._ Ch.203
- 194. CARLO REZZONICO, afterwards POPE CLEMENT XIII. _Pope._ Ch.204
- 195. CHARLES ALBERT. _King of Sardinia._ Ch.205
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.206
- 196. JEAN GOUJON. _Sculptor._ Ch.207
- 197. SIMON VOUET. _Painter._ Ch.208
- 198. NICOLAS POUSSIN. PAINTER. Ch.209
- 199. PIERRE MIGNARD. _Painter._ Ch.210
- 200. ANDRÉ LE NÔTRE. _Architect and Gardener._ Ch.211
- 201. EUSTACHE LE SUEUR. _Painter._ Ch.212
- 202. CHARLES LEBRUN. _Painter._ Ch.213
- 203. ANDRÉ FÉLIBIEN, SIEUR DES AVAUX ET DE JAVERCY. _Writer on Art._ Ch.214
- 204. JEAN MABILLON. _Antiquary._ Ch.215
- 205. JEAN BAPTISTE DE LULLY. _Violinist and Musical Composer._ Ch.216
- 206. ANTOINE COYSEVOX. _Sculptor._ Ch.217
- 207. JULES HARDOUIN MANSART. _Architect._ Ch.218
- 208. JACQUES GERMAIN SOUFFLOT. _Architect._ Ch.219
- 209. JACQUES LOUIS DAVID. _Painter._ Ch.220
- 210. CHARLES PERCIER. _Architect._ Ch.221
- 211. GIRODET-TRIOSON. _Painter._ Ch.222
- 212. FRANÇOIS GÉRARD. _Painter._ Ch.223
- 213. ANTOINE JEAN GROS. _Painter._ Ch.224
- 214. PIERRE NARCISSE GUÉRIN. _Painter._ Ch.225
- 215. COMTE D’ORSAY. Ch.226
- 216. MADEMOISELLE FELIX RACHEL. _Tragic Actress._ Ch.227
- 217. DIANE DE POITIERS. Ch.228
- 1531. At the age of 48 she became the favourite mistress of Henry II. of Ch.229
- 218. PIERRE CORNEILLE. _Dramatist._ Ch.230
- 219. JEAN DE ROTROU. _Dramatist._ Ch.231
- 220. JEAN DE LA FONTAINE. _Poet._ Ch.232
- 221. MOLIÈRE. _Dramatist._ Ch.233
- 222. THOMAS CORNEILLE. _Dramatist._ Ch.234
- 223. PHILIPPE QUINAULT. _Poet._ Ch.235
- 224. NICOLAS BOILEAU. _Poet and Satirist._ Ch.236
- 225. JEAN RACINE. _Dramatist._ Ch.237
- 226. JEAN FRANÇOIS REGNARD. _Dramatist._ Ch.238
- 227. CHARLES RIVIÈRE DUFRESNY. _Dramatist._ Ch.239
- 228. PROSPER JOLYOT DE CRÉBILLON. _Dramatic Author._ Ch.240
- 229. PHILIPPE NÉRICAULT DESTOUCHES. _Dramatist._ Ch.241
- 230. ALAIN RÉNÉ LE SAGE. _Novelist._ Ch.242
- 231. ALEXIS PIRON. _Poet._ Ch.243
- 232. PIERRE CLAUDE NIVELLE DE LA CHAUSSÉE. _Dramatist._ Ch.244
- 233. FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE. _Historian, Poet, and Wit._ Ch.245
- 234. MICHEL JEAN SEDAINE. _Dramatist._ Ch.246
- 235. MARIE JEANNE VAUBERNIER, COMTESSE DU BARRY. Ch.247
- 236. MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE. _Essayist._ Ch.248
- 237. JACQUES AUGUSTE DE THOU. _Minister of State and Historian._ Ch.249
- 238. RÉNÉ DESCARTES. _Mathematician and Metaphysician._ Ch.250
- 1650. Aged 54.] Ch.251
- 239. ANTOINE ARNAULD. _Theologian and Controversialist._ Ch.252
- 240. SÉBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE VAUBAN. _Engineer._ Ch.253
- 241. JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT. _Botanist._ Ch.254
- 242. CHARLES ROLLIN. _Historian._ Ch.255
- 243. JEAN BAPTISTE ROUSSEAU. _Lyric Poet._ Ch.256
- 244. RÉNÉ ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE RÉAUMUR. _Chemist and Naturalist._ Ch.257
- 245. GEORGES LOUIS LE CLERC, COMTE DE BUFFON. _Naturalist._ Ch.258
- 246. CHARLES LINNÉ, known by his Latin name LINNÆUS. _Botanist._ Ch.259
- 247. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU. _Philosopher and Writer._ Ch.260
- 248. JEAN PIERRE DUHAMEL. _Man of Science._ Ch.261
- 249. JOSEPH LOUIS LAGRANGE. _Astronomer._ Ch.262
- 250. JEAN FRANÇOIS GALAUP DE LA PÉROUSE. _Navigator._ Ch.263
- 251. JACQUES ÉTIENNE MONTGOLFIER. _Aëronaut, and Inventor of Balloons._ Ch.264
- 252. DOMINIQUE DENON. _Egyptian Traveller._ Ch.265
- 253. ANTOINE LAURENT DE JUSSIEU. _Botanist._ Ch.266
- 254. JEAN ANTOINE CHAPTAL. _Chemist._ Ch.267
- 255. BERNARD GERMAIN ÉTIENNE LACÉPÈDE, COMTE DE LA VILLE SUR ILLON. Ch.268
- 256. GEORGES LÉOPOLD CHRÊTIEN FRÉDÉRIC DAGOBERT CUVIER. _Naturalist._ Ch.269
- 257. PIERRE DE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE BAYARD. _Warrior._ Ch.270
- 258. GASTON DE FOIX. _Warrior._ Ch.271
- 259. MICHEL DE L’HÔPITAL. _Chancellor of France._ Ch.272
- 260. GASPARD DE COLIGNY. _Marshal and Admiral._ Ch.273
- 261. PIERRE LAURENT BUIRETTE DE BELLOY. _Dramatist._[32] Ch.274
- 262. FRANÇOIS DE BONNE, DUC DE LESDIGUIÈRES. _Constable of France._ Ch.275
- 263. MAXIMILIEN DE BÉTHUNE, DUC DE SULLY. _Minister of State._ Ch.276
- 264. CLAUDE FABRI DE PEIRESC. _Patron of Science._ Ch.277
- 265. ABRAHAM DUQUESNE. _Vice Admiral of France._ Ch.278
- 266. HENRI DE LA TOUR D’AUVERGNE, VICOMTE DE TURENNE. _Marshal of Ch.279
- 267. EDOUARD COLBERT. _Minister of State._ Ch.280
- 268. LOUIS II. DE BOURBON, PRINCE DE CONDÉ, surnamed THE GREAT CONDÉ. Ch.281
- 269. HENRI FRANÇOIS D’AGUESSEAU. _Chancellor of France._ Ch.282
- 270. MAURICE, COMTE DE SAXE. _Marshal of France._ Ch.283
- 271. FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE KELLERMANN. _Marshal of France._ Ch.284
- 272. CHARLES FRANÇOIS DUMOURIEZ. _French General._ Ch.285
- 273. THÉOPHILE MALO DE LA TOUR D’AUVERGNE-CORRET. _Warrior._ Ch.286
- 274. PIERRE ALEXANDRE BERTHIER. _Marshal of France._ Ch.287
- 1815. Aged 62.] Ch.288
- 275. JEAN BAPTISTE KLEBER. _French General._ Ch.289
- 1800. Aged 46.] Ch.290
- 276. FRANÇOIS JOSEPH LEFEBVRE, DUC DE DANTZIC. _Marshal of France._ Ch.291
- 277. MARIE PAUL GILBERT MOTIER, MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE. _French General._ Ch.292
- 278. PIERRE FRANÇOIS CHARLES AUGEREAU. _Marshal of France._ Ch.293
- 279. ANDRÉ MASSENA. _Marshal of France._ Ch.294
- 280. LAZARE HOCHE. _French General._ Ch.295
- 1797. Aged 29.] Ch.296
- 281. BESSIÈRES, JEAN BAPTISTE. _Duke of Istria. Marshal of France._ Ch.297
- 282. BARTHÉLÉMI CATHARINE JOUBERT. _French General._ Ch.298
- 1799. Aged 30.] Ch.299
- 283. LOUIS CHARLES ANTOINE DESAIX. _French General._ Ch.300
- 284. JEAN LANNES, DUC DE MONTEBELLO. _Marshal of France._ Ch.301
- 285. MICHEL NEY. _Marshal of France._ Ch.302
- 1815. Aged 46.] Ch.303
- 286. FRANÇOIS SÉVÉRIN DESGRAVIERS MARCEAU. _French General._ Ch.304
- 287. PIERRE JACQUES CAMBRONNE. _French General._ Ch.305
- 288. LOUIS NICOLAS DAVOUST, PRINCE D’ECKMUHL. _Marshal of France._ Ch.306
- 289. MAXIMILIEN SEBASTIEN FOY. _French General._ Ch.307
- 290. ANTOINE CHARLES LOUIS COLLINET DE LASALLE. _General of Cavalry._ Ch.308
- 291. CASIMIR PÉRIER. _Statesman._ Ch.309
- 292. CARDINAL RICHELIEU. _Minister of France._ Ch.310
- 293. CARDINAL MAZARIN. _Minister of France._ Ch.311
- 294. BLAISE PASCAL. _Theologian and Philosopher._ Ch.312
- 295. JACQUES BENIGNE BOSSUET. _Prelate of France._ Ch.313
- 296. FRANÇOIS DE SALIGNAC DE LAMOTTE FÉNÉLON. _Archbishop and Writer._ Ch.314
- 297. LOUIS XI. _King of France._ Ch.315
- 298. LOUIS XII. _King of France._ Ch.316
- 299. FRANCIS I. _King of France._ Ch.317
- 300. CHARLES V. _Emperor of Germany and King of Spain._ Ch.318
- 301. CHARLOTTE, or CARLOTA D’AVESNE, DUCHESS OF VALENTINO. Ch.319
- 302. HENRY II. _King of France._ Ch.320
- 303. CHARLES IX. _King of France._ Ch.321
- 304. HENRY III. _King of France._ Ch.322
- 305. HENRY IV. _King of France._ Ch.323
- 306. MARIE DE’ MEDICI. _Queen of France._ Ch.324
- 307. LOUIS XIII. _King of France._ Ch.325
- 308. LOUIS XIV. _King of France._ Ch.326
- 309. LOUIS XV. _King of France._ Ch.327
- 310. MARIE ANTOINETTE JOSÉPHINE JEANNE. _Queen of France._ Ch.328
- 311. NAPOLEON BUONAPARTE. _Emperor of France._ Ch.329
- 1815. The military prodigy of his age. His story reads like a romance of Ch.330
- 312. LOUIS PHILIPPE. _King of the French._ Ch.331
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.332
- 313. PETER PAUL RUBENS. _Painter._ Ch.333
- 1640. Aged 63.] Ch.334
- 314. GEORG FRIEDRICH HANDEL. _Musical Composer._ Ch.335
- 315. JOHAN JOACHIM WINCKELMANN. _Antiquary._ Ch.336
- 1768. Aged 51.] Ch.337
- 316. FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN. _Musical Composer._ Ch.338
- 317. JOHANN WOLFGANG MOZART. _Musical Composer._ Ch.339
- 318. KARL FRIEDRICH ZELTER. _Musician._ Ch.340
- 319. JOHANN GOTTFRIED SCHADOW. _Sculptor._ Ch.341
- 320. ALBERT BARTHOLOMÄUS THORWALDSEN. _Sculptor._ Ch.342
- 321. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN. _Musical Composer._ Ch.343
- 322. CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH TIECK. _Sculptor._ Ch.344
- 323. CHRISTIAN RAUCH. _Sculptor._ Ch.345
- 324. KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL. _Architect and Painter._ Ch.346
- 325. LEO VON KLENZE. _Architect._ Ch.347
- 326. PETER CORNELIUS. _Painter._ Ch.348
- 327. CHRISTOPH GLUCK. _Musician._ Ch.349
- 328. FRIEDRICH GÄRTNER. _Architect._ Ch.350
- 329. JULIUS SCHNORR. _Painter._ Ch.351
- 330. LUDOVIC SCHWANTHALER. _Sculptor._ Ch.352
- 331. FELIX MENDELSSOHN-BARTHOLDY. _Musician._ Ch.353
- 332. JOHANN HALBIG. _Sculptor._ Ch.354
- 333. MORITZ VON SCHWIND. _Painter._ Ch.355
- 334. FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB KLOPSTOCK. _Epic and Lyric Poet._ Ch.356
- 1803. Aged 79.] Ch.357
- 335. GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING. _Man of Letters._ Ch.358
- 336. CHRISTOPH WIELAND. _Poet._ Ch.359
- 337. JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE. _Poet._ Ch.360
- 338. FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH VON SCHILLER. _Poet._ Ch.361
- 339. LUDWIG TIECK. _Author._ Ch.362
- 340. BERTHOLD AUERBACH. _Poet and Novelist._ Ch.363
- 341. JOHANN GUTENBERG. _Inventor of Printing._ Ch.364
- 342. IMMANUEL KANT. _Metaphysician._ Ch.365
- 343. HEINRICH PESTALOZZI. _Educator._ Ch.366
- 344. FRIEDEICH HEINRICH JACOBI. _Philosopher and Poet._ Ch.367
- 345. ALBRECHT THAER. _Physician and Agriculturist._ Ch.368
- 1828. Aged 76.] Ch.369
- 346. SAMUEL HAHNEMANN. _Physician and Founder of Homœopathy._ Ch.370
- 347. HEINRICH WILHELM MATHIAS OLBERS. _Astronomer._ Ch.371
- 348. FRIEDRICH AUGUSTUS WOLF. _Philologist._ Ch.372
- 349. JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE. _Philosopher and Metaphysician._ Ch.373
- 350. CHRISTOPH WILHELM HUFELAND. _Physician._ Ch.374
- 351. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT. _Naturalist and Traveller._ Ch.375
- 352. GOTTFRIED HERMANN. _Philologist and Critic._ Ch.376
- 353. FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON SCHELLING. _Metaphysician._ Ch.377
- 354. JAN JACOB BERZELIUS. _Chemist._ Ch.378
- 355. SULPITZ VON BOISSERÉE. _Architect and Archæologist._ Ch.379
- 356. PETER KASPAR WILHELM BEUTH. _Member of the Council of State in Ch.380
- 357. KARL GUSTAV CARUS. _Physician and Anatomist._ Ch.381
- 358. KARL GUTZKOW. _Journalist and Dramatist._ Ch.382
- 359. HANS JOACHIM VON ZIETHEN. _Prussian General._ Ch.383
- 360. GEBHARDT LEBRECHT VON BLUCHER, PRINCE OF WAHLSTADT. _Prussian Field Ch.384
- 361. FRIEDRICH WILHELM BULOW. _Prussian General._ Ch.385
- 362. KARL BARON VON STEIN. _Prussian Minister of State._ Ch.386
- 363. GEBHARDT DAVID SCHARNHORST. _General._ Ch.387
- 364. YORCK, COUNT VON WARTENBURG. _Prussian Field Marshal._ Ch.388
- 365. FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON NOLLENDORF. _Prussian Field-Marshal._ Ch.389
- 366. AUGUSTUS, COUNT HERDART DE GNEISENAU. _Field-Marshal._ Ch.390
- 1832. Aged 72.] Ch.391
- 367. KARL WILHELM BARON VON HUMBOLDT. _Statesman and Philologist._ Ch.392
- 368. HERMANN VON BOYEN. _Prussian Minister of War._ Ch.393
- 369. OTTO-FEODOR FREIHERR VON MANTEUFFEL. _Prussian Minister._ Ch.394
- 370. COUNT JOSEPH RADETZKY. _Austrian General._ Ch.395
- 371. MARTIN LUTHER. _The Great Reformer._ Ch.396
- 372. PHILIP MELANCTHON. _German Divine and Reformer._ Ch.397
- 373. FRIEDRICH ERNEST DANIEL SCHLEIERMACHER. _Theologian._ Ch.398
- 374. FREDERIC WILLIAM. _Elector of Brandenburg._ Ch.399
- 375. FREDERIC WILLIAM I. _King of Prussia._ Ch.400
- 376. FREDERIC II., SURNAMED THE GREAT. _King of Prussia._ Ch.401
- 377. FREDERIC LOUIS HENRY. _Prince of Prussia._ Ch.402
- 378. MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH I. _King of Bavaria._ Ch.403
- 379. FREDERIC WILLIAM III. _King of Prussia._ Ch.404
- 380. LOUIS FERDINAND. _Prince of Prussia._ Ch.405
- 381. LOUISA AUGUSTA WILHELMINA AMELIA. _Queen of Prussia._ Ch.406
- 382. LUDWIG I. _Ex-King of Bavaria._ Ch.407
- 383. LEOPOLD I. _King of the Belgians._ Ch.408
- 384. FREDERIC WILLIAM IV. _Reigning King of Prussia._ Ch.409
- 385. NICHOLAS PAULOVITCH. _Reigning Emperor of all the Russias._ Ch.410
- 386. ALEXANDRA. _Empress of Russia._ Ch.411
- 387. FRANCIS JOSEPH. _Reigning Emperor of Austria, and King of Hungary._ Ch.412
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.413
- 388. INIGO JONES. _Architect._ Ch.414
- 389. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN. _Architect and Mathematician._ Ch.415
- 390. DAVID GARRICK. _Player and Dramatist._ Ch.416
- 391. HENRY FUSELI or FUESSLI. _Painter._ Ch.417
- 392. JAMES NORTHCOTE. _Painter._ Ch.418
- 393. JOHN RAPHAEL SMITH. _Engraver._ Ch.419
- 394. JOHN FLAXMAN. _Sculptor._ Ch.420
- 395. THOMAS STOTHARD. _Painter._ Ch.421
- 396. SIR THOMAS LAWRENCE. _Painter._ Ch.422
- 397. CHARLES KEMBLE. _Player._ Ch.423
- 398. FRANCIS CHANTREY. _Sculptor._ Ch.424
- 399. WILLIAM MULREADY. _Painter._ Ch.425
- 400. JOHN GIBSON. _Sculptor._ Ch.426
- 401. WILLIAM CHARLES MACREADY. _Player._ Ch.427
- 402. GEORGE CRUIKSHANK. _Caricaturist._ Ch.428
- 403. ROBERT VERNON. _Patron of Art._ Ch.429
- 404. FANNY BUTLER. _Actress._ Ch.430
- 405. ADELAIDE SARTORIS. _Vocalist._ Ch.431
- 406. GEOFFREY CHAUCER. _The Father of English Poetry._ Ch.432
- 407. WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE. _Poet._ Ch.433
- 1749. But in 1793, Malone officiously had it whitewashed, as it now Ch.434
- 408. JOHN MILTON. _Poet._ Ch.435
- 409. ALEXANDER POPE. _Poet._ Ch.436
- 410. OLIVER GOLDSMITH. _Poet and Man of Letters._ Ch.437
- 411. SAMUEL ROGERS. _Poet._ Ch.438
- 412. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. _Poet._ Ch.439
- 413. SIR WALTER SCOTT. _Poet and Novelist._ Ch.440
- 414. ROBERT SOUTHEY. _Poet Laureate._ Ch.441
- 415. THOMAS CAMPBELL. _Poet._ Ch.442
- 416. THOMAS MOORE. _Poet._ Ch.443
- 417. JOHN WILSON. _Poet and Professor._ Ch.444
- 418. GEORGE NOEL GORDON, LORD BYRON. _Poet._ Ch.445
- 419. DOUGLAS JERROLD. _Writer._ Ch.446
- 420. FRANCIS BACON. _Chancellor of England, and Founder of the Inductive Ch.447
- 421. HUMPHREY CHETHAM. “_Dealer in Manchester Commodities._” Ch.448
- 422. JOHN LOCKE. _Philosopher._ Ch.449
- 423. SIR ISAAC NEWTON. ASTRONOMER AND PHILOSOPHER. Ch.450
- 424. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. _Statesman and Philosopher._ Ch.451
- 1790. Aged 84.] Ch.452
- 425. SAMUEL JOHNSON. _Writer and Moralist._ Ch.453
- 426. ADAM SMITH. _Philosopher and Political Economist._ Ch.454
- 427. JOHN HUNTER. _Surgeon and Comparative Anatomist._ Ch.455
- 428. JAMES WATT. _Improver of the Steam-Engine._ Ch.456
- 429. SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH. _Historian and Metaphysician._ Ch.457
- 430. FRANCIS JEFFREY. _Critic and Essayist._ Ch.458
- 431. FRANCIS BAILY. _Astronomer._ Ch.459
- 432. WILLIAM YARRELL. _Naturalist._ Ch.460
- 433. GEORGE STEPHENSON. _Engineer._ Ch.461
- 434. WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN. _Millwright and Engineer._ Ch.462
- 435. SIR JOHN HERSCHELL. _Astronomer._ Ch.463
- 436. MICHAEL FARADAY. _Natural Philosopher._ Ch.464
- 437. WILLIAM WHEWELL. _Philosopher._ Ch.465
- 438. SIR HENRY THOMAS DE LA BECHE. _Geologist._ Ch.466
- 439. THOMAS CARLYLE. _Writer._ Ch.467
- 440. FREDERICK CARPENTER SKEY. _Surgeon._ Ch.468
- 441. RICHARD OWEN. _Naturalist._ Ch.469
- 442. BENJAMIN DISRAELI. _Writer and Politician._ Ch.470
- 443. THOMAS BRASSEY. _Railway Contractor._ Ch.471
- introduction of railways he has been the chief maker of the iron paths Ch.472
- 444. SAMUEL WARREN. _Lawyer and Writer._ Ch.473
- 445. EDWARD SHEPHERD CREASY. _Historical Writer._ Ch.474
- 446. JUDGE HALIBURTON. _Lawyer and Writer._ Ch.475
- 447. EDWARD FORBES. _Naturalist._ Ch.476
- 448. WILLIAM MURRAY, EARL OF MANSFIELD. _Lord Chief Justice._ Ch.477
- 449. WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM. _Statesman._ Ch.478
- 450. EDMUND BURKE. _Orator, Writer, Statesman._ Ch.479
- 451. GEORGE WASHINGTON. _First President of the United States._ Ch.480
- 452. CHARLES JAMES FOX. _Statesman._ Ch.481
- 453. JOHN PHILPOT CURRAN. _Lawyer._ Ch.482
- 454. LORD ELDON. _High Chancellor of England._ Ch.483
- 455. HORATIO NELSON. _Lord High Admiral._ Ch.484
- 456. WILLIAM PITT. _Statesman._ Ch.485
- 457. GENERAL JACKSON. _President of the United States._ Ch.486
- 1845. Aged 78.] Ch.487
- 458. HENRY WILLIAM PAGET, MARQUIS OF ANGLESEY. _English Field Marshal._ Ch.488
- 459. ARTHUR, DUKE OF WELLINGTON. _Soldier and Statesman._ Ch.489
- 460. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. _President of the United States._ Ch.490
- 461. LORD MONTEAGLE. _English Peer._ Ch.491
- 462. WILLIAM HUSKISSON. _Statesman and Financier._ Ch.492
- 463. JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, BARON LYNDHURST. _Ex-Chancellor of England._ Ch.493
- 1804. In 1826, Master of the Rolls; in 1827, Lord Chancellor. Has held Ch.494
- 464. LORD ASHBURTON. _English Peer._ Ch.495
- 465. DANIEL O’CONNELL. _Orator and Lawyer._ Ch.496
- 466. JOSEPH HUME. _Political Reformer._ Ch.497
- 467. HENRY, LORD BROUGHAM. _Lawyer, Statesman, Educator._ Ch.498
- 468. MARTIN VAN BUREN. _Ex-President of the United States._ Ch.499
- 469. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN. _American Statesman._ Ch.500
- 1850. Aged 68.] Ch.501
- 470. SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK. _Chief Baron of the Exchequer._ Ch.502
- 471. HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, VISCOUNT PALMERSTON. _Statesman._ Ch.503
- 1828. Foreign Secretary, with a slight interval of repose, from 1830 Ch.504
- 472. SIR ROBERT PEEL. _Statesman._ Ch.505
- 473. SIR MICHAEL O’LOCHLEN. _Lawyer._ Ch.506
- 1688. A member of the Church of Rome, he owed his promotion to the Ch.507
- 474. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. _Statesman._ Ch.508
- 475. DAVID SALOMONS. _Alderman._ Ch.509
- 476. SIR WILLIAM FOLLETT. _Lawyer._ Ch.510
- 477. THE EARL OF DERBY. _Statesman._ Ch.511
- 478. GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, EARL OF CLARENDON. _Statesman._ Ch.512
- 479. SIDNEY HERBERT. _Statesman._ Ch.513
- 480. LORD CANNING. _English Peer._ Ch.514
- 481. CARDINAL WOLSEY. _Minister of State._ Ch.515
- 482. CHARLES JAMES BLOMFIELD. _Bishop of London._ Ch.516
- 483. FATHER THEOBALD MATHEW. _Temperance Reformer._ Ch.517
- 484. CARDINAL WISEMAN. _Chief of the Romish Church in England._ Ch.518
- 485. EDWARD III. _King of England._ Ch.519
- 486. ELEANORA OF CASTILE. _Surnamed The Faithful. First Queen of Edward Ch.520
- 487. HENRY VII. _King of England._ Ch.521
- 488. ELIZABETH. _Queen of England._ Ch.522
- 489. EDWARD VI. _King of England._ Ch.523
- 490. MARY STUART. _Queen of Scots._ Ch.524
- 491. JAMES II. _King of England._ Ch.525
- 492. GEORGE III. _King of England._ Ch.526
- 493. GEORGE IV. _King of England._ Ch.527
- 494. WILLIAM IV. _King of England._ Ch.528
- 495. THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. _Prince of England._ Ch.529
- 496. HER MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA. _Whom God Preserve!_ Ch.530
- 497. HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT. _Consort of Queen Victoria._ Ch.531
- PART I. Ch.532
- PART II. Ch.533
- PART I. Ch.534
- 1. Sometimes the enamel, and no more, is filed off. This enables the Ch.535
- 3. Sometimes they are filed down to the gums. Ch.536
- introduction a matter of state, and built a large house as a day-school. Ch.537
- 14. Heykoms, as far on the north-east as Natal. Now replaced by Amakosah Ch.538
- 1. The _Crees_; of which the _Skofi_ and _Sheshatapúsh_ of Labrador are Ch.539
- 2. The _Ojibways_; falling into-- Ch.540
- 3. The _Micmacs_ of New Brunswick, Gaspé, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Ch.541
- 4. _Abnaki_ of Mayne, and the British frontier; represented at present Ch.542
- 6. The _Blackfoots_, consisting of the-- Ch.543
- 1. For the TIBETANS, &c., TURNER’s Embassy; Works on the Himalayas, by Ch.544
- 2. The Aborigines of India, by B. HODGSON; Papers in Asiatic Researches; Ch.545
- 5. JUKES’ Voyage of Fly; MCGILLIVRAY’s Voyage of Rattlesnake; The Ch.546
- 7. THE NEGROES, &c. Medical History of the Niger Expedition, by Dr. Ch.547
- 8. LICSHTENSTEIN’s Travels; GALTON in Journal of Geographical Society; Ch.548
- 13. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.--Archæologia Americana, Vol. ii.; Ch.549
- 14. Papers by Dr. KING on the Industrial and Intellectual character of Ch.550
- PART II. Ch.551
- INTRODUCTION 5 Ch.552
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.553
- INTRODUCTION. Ch.554
- 1750. He commenced 12th November, 1738, by carrying on a kind of tunnel Ch.555
- 1750. It is still the only means of access to the most important Ch.556
- 1. HOUSE OF THE EMPEROR JOSEPH II. (1767-69), was a mansion of great Ch.557
- 2. HOUSE OF THE TRAGIC POET (1824-26) is called in the Museo Borbonico, Ch.558
- 3. HOUSE OF QUEEN CAROLINE (1813), now called that of Adonis, remarkable Ch.559
- 4. HOUSE OF THE MELEAGER OR APOLLO (1830-31), called also the House of Ch.560
- 5. HOUSE OF SALLUST (1809). Known also as the House of Actæon. The Ch.561
- 6. Two houses side by side, called from the features of their Ch.562
- 7. HOUSE OF THE COLOURED CAPITALS (1833-34). A very large house near the Ch.563
- 8. HOUSE OF THE DIOSCURI (1828-29). This beautiful mansion has been Ch.564
- 9. HOUSE OF THE FEMALE MUSICIAN (1847). Known by the Italian name _Della Ch.565
- 10. PLAN of some private dwellings copied from the celebrated fragments Ch.566
- 1. CUBICULUM. This small chamber has the walls totally black with a Ch.567
- 2. CUBICULUM. The next chamber, forming one corner of the quadrangle, Ch.568
- 3. CUBICULUM. The next room in order flanks a side entrance. It is white Ch.569
- 4. VESTIBULUM. The side entrance, light and narrow. The ceiling consists Ch.570
- 5. The ALA: here, of necessity, very shallow, but in many Pompeian Ch.571
- 6. The wall adjoining the Ala, and forming part of the Atrium, has been Ch.572
- 7. Next to this is the left-hand FAUCES or passage to the interior, and Ch.573
- 8. THE TABLINUM. Ch.574
- 9. _Left Wall._--The chief central picture is Perseus showing the head Ch.575
- 10. _Right Wall._--The opposite side has exactly the same decorations, Ch.576
- 11. The second FAUCES is precisely like the other. The broad black line Ch.577
- 12. Wall corresponding in position and decoration to No. 6. The central Ch.578
- 13. ALA. The general decoration of Ala corresponds with the opposite Ch.579
- 15. CUBICULUM or _cella familiaris_ as next the vestibule. This chamber Ch.580
- 16. CUBICULUM, occupying the corresponding angle to No. 2, also lighted Ch.581
- 17. CUBICULUM. A black chamber, corresponding to the one we first Ch.582
- 18. _Ambulatory, Ambulatio_, also called _Porticus_ by the Romans, and Ch.583
- 19. THALAMUS, an apartment next to the fauces, and entered by a door Ch.584
- 20. ŒCUS, so called from the Greek word signifying a house, was Ch.585
- 21. BATH, _Balneum_ or _Balineum_, a small chamber appropriately fitted Ch.586
- 23. _The end wall of the peristyle._ Its paintings are conspicuously Ch.587
- 24. CULINA. The apartment forming an angle of the peristyle was the Ch.588
- 26. TRICLINIUM, opposite the Œcus. Large panels, blue, black, and Ch.589
- 27. The WINTER TRICLINIUM. A large square room, corresponding to the Ch.590
- 229. These landscape views are all admirably engraved, in a faithful Ch.591
- 1746. A very beautiful little mosaic was inscribed with the name of Ch.592
- Book vii., Chap. 5. Ch.593