The Egyptian Book of the dead by P. Le Page Renouf and Edouard Naville

syllable _āb_ expresses the word signifying _horn_ as well as that signifying _purification_. The vignettes of the chapter which are here given from different authorities are explained in their proper place. ----- Footnote 98: See M. Naville’s remarks, _Einleitung_, p. 156. Footnote 99: _Mission Arch._, I, p. 125. Footnote 100: Also written = ⁂⁂ (_Unas_, 422 and elsewhere). Footnote 101: The garden is also called ⁂⁂⁂. Another form is ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ (_Pepi_ I, 309). Footnote 102: ⁂⁂ _Nebseni_, ⁂⁂ _Sutimes_, ⁂⁂ in all the later papyri. Footnote 103: Compared with ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ in the papyrus of Nesichonsu, published by M. Maspero, _Miss. Arch._, I, p. 612. Footnote 104: The Pyramid Texts have the invocations (_Unas_, 597), “Hail to thee, Horus, in the domains of Horus; Hail to thee, Sutu, in the domains of Sutu; Hail to thee, Lion (⁂⁂⁂ _Ȧar_), in the Garden of Aarru.” Another derivation is suggested in the “Destruction of Mankind,” line 39, ⁂⁂⁂ (as I read it) an augmented form of ⁂⁂, _ar_, which does not mean _pluck_, as in Brugsch’s translation, but _bind_, _fasten_, _twine_, _nectere_, _constringere_, _convolvere_. This sense would explain the ancient determinatives ⁂, ⁂, and lead to still more interesting results. For the ancient word ⁂⁂⁂⁂, _ȧarerit_, ‘a vine,’ has thus clearly the same etymological sense as our European word _vine_. “_Vî-num_ ... attaches itself to _vî-tis_, _vî-men_, _vî-tex_, and—exactly like the Greek ϝοῖ-νος—to the Indo-Greek root _vei_, ‘to twine.’ So that _vî-no_ means first ‘creeper,’ then ‘fruit of the creeper,’ finally ‘drink made from the fruit of the creeper’” (O. Schrader, _Prehistoric Antiquities_, 324). Philological speculation might make a further advance. As ⁂⁂⁂ _ȧar_, is to ⁂⁂ _ār_, so perhaps is ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ _ȧarru_ to ⁂⁂ _āru_. The first two groups are not phonetically identical, but they are certainly allied and have very much the same meaning; the last has, with some probability, been identified with the _Vine-branch_, and that, in conjunction with the text ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ (see _Zeitschr._, 1878, p. 107, and the plate corresponding). “The Vine-plant is Osiris.” The Greeks, or some of them at least, identified Osiris with Dionysos (Plutarch, _de Iside et Osiride_, 34, 35). The god is sometimes (as in the papyrus of Nebseni) sitting in a naos under a vine, from which bunches of grapes are hanging. Footnote 105: Here we already have ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂, ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂ and ⁂⁂⁂⁂⁂. See my article in the _Zeitschr._, 1874, p. 102. Footnote 106: It is also the name of a liquid substance ⁂⁂, ⁂⁂, a produce of the cow, such as cream or clarified butter. It occurs in all the lists of offerings. Footnote 107: A reference to M. Naville’s collation of this chapter (line 40), will show the corruption and uncertainty of the text which precedes the name of the goddess. If we look beyond the authorities given by M. Naville, the difficulties are multiplied. The papyrus of Queen Net’emit in the Louvre, for instance, instead of ⁂⁂⁂⁂ _etc._, reads, ⁂⁂⁂. ------------------------------------