The Egyptian Book of the dead by P. Le Page Renouf and Edouard Naville

value in this place is in evidence of a truth not yet generally acknowledged by Egyptologists, that _Ap-uat_ (or as written in the Pyramid Texts, _Up-uat_) is really Osiris. The proofs are numerous and overwhelming. I produced evidence of this identity in the P.S.B.A. of June 1, 1886, from an obelisk of the XIIth dynasty now at Alnwick Castle, and in 1891 Brugsch published in his _Thesaurus_ (p. 1420) a tablet, now in the Louvre, of the same period as the obelisk, which also treats Ap-uat as one of the names of Osiris. But the earliest as well as the most instructive evidence is that of the Pyramid Texts. The later form of it is thus given on the coffin of _Nes-Shu-Tefnut_ at Vienna (see Bergman, _Recueil_, VI, p. 165): “Horus openeth for thee thy Two Eyes that thou mayest see with them in thy name of Ap-uat.” But the Pyramids of Teta (l. 281) and Pepi (l. 131) say, “Horus openeth for thee thine Eye that thou mayest see with _it_ in _its_ name _Ap-uat_.” Each of the Eyes of Osiris is Ap-uat, one of them is the Southern and the other is the Northern Jackal. These two facing each other form part of the symbolism explained in Note 2 upon Chapter 125. The figure of the Jackal is wholly insufficient as an argument that Ap-uat is identical with Anubis. Much better evidence is found in the fact that the name of Anubis is sometimes written over the figure.[141] But the true explanation of this is, what might have seemed incredible to some of our older scholars, that Anubis is itself only one of the names of Osiris. The Pyramids of Pepi I (line 474 and following) and Pepi II (l. 1262 and following) give imaginary etymologies of certain names of Osiris which are repeated in the inscriptions of the tomb of Horhotep, published by M. Maspero (_Miss. Arch._, I, 260). One of these names is ⁂⁂, which is said to be derived from ⁂, “pass thou over to me.” The next is ⁂⁂⁂⁂ _Anpu_, which is derived from ⁂⁂! The true meaning of ⁂⁂⁂ is not _jackal_, but _whelp_; the fierce young of an animal; not only of jackals or lions but of men, kings or gods, ⁂⁂⁂. Thus Orestes speaks (Eur., _Orest._, 1) of σκύμνον ἀνοσίου πατρός, and the Chorus of another play talks of the reception of τὸν Ἀχίλλειον σκύμνον (_Andr._, 1170). And Shakespeare speaks of “the young whelp of Talbot’s raging brood.”